Lorillard Financial Performance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lorillard Financial Performance - engagement ExampleThis article will focus on the 2011 annual report, by giving a refreshen and analysis of the review according to the stated guidelines. Mission Lorillards mission is to supply their clients with the best shade menthol cigarettes (Lorillard, 2009). This is achieved by building capabilities and strong processes that support the strategized sight. This is also guaranteed from the commitment and passion represent by the employees and the superior general board members of Lorillard (Lorillard, 2009). The company also tick offs that their staff members are able to provide the highest level of excellence through implementation of new strategic plans aimed at boosting the companys sales. Lorillard Inc. also ensures that they maintain their retail market place share through making more sales internationally, hence marketing its steels (Lorillard Inc., 2011). Vision Lorillard has a vision of becoming the worlds leading company in t he manufacture of cigarettes (Lorillard Inc., 2011). This can be portrayed from the continuously rising net sales, operating income and earnings per share. They also look into executing their core strategies and outperforming the primal industry trends. Furthermore, their vision also entails the effortless geographic expansion of existing goods and the launching of new products that levy the companys net sales. ... ities that support their strategic vision, protecting and sticking their own menthol cigarette business organization and carefully pursuing close-in adjacencies (Lorillard Inc., 2011). All the three strategic efforts are aimed in achieving the vision of Lorillard Company. In addition, this helps them to ensure responsible Newport pleasure to all the adult smokers. These outstanding visions have enabled the company to maintain growth in the retail market. The Newport cigarette brand employs the strategy of protecting and growing the menthol cigarette business. Lorillar d evidently challenged some of the savage regulations and defended the brands freedom in actively operating in debates with the U.S. Food and Drug government activity (FDA) to respect their selflessness of menthol cigarettes. Lorillard also markets the Newport brand in Washington DC. Through expansion of merchandised programs, Lorillard was able to grow vastly with its main target being the adult smokers of Newport (Lorillard, 2009). Furthermore, Lorillard was able to achieve a record annual share and eliminated distraction after signing of a four-year labor contract with the union associates. An analysis from 2008 shows the brands growth from a mere 9.7% to 11.9% (Lorillard Inc., 2011). In pursuing close-in cigarette adjacencies, the Newport non menthol brand is brought into focus. It is evident that almost of the efforts that the Lorillard Inc. focused on entailed expansion of the Newport brand. This is because the Newport brand adjudges up to 70 percent of the cigarette indus try. According to the archetypical year of Newports performance, the non menthol product performed extremely well. Nowadays, Lorillard offers the best menthol products in eight states, in the West. Moreover, they also make considerable profits from

Improving Perioperative Care through IT Research Paper

Improving Perioperative Care by IT - Research Paper ExampleThis has also been as a return of the complex nature of working(a) information systems, implementation ch altogetherenges, resources to make them work as well the lack of sound practices required to alter perioperative systems yet it is believed that whatever enhancements will greatly improve caveat delivery process and the quality of care in the long term. Case studies Adoption and success Recent adoption on implementation of IT through and through perioperative health care has been evident in two hospitals which are Basset Healthcare located in Cooperstown, New York and the University of Connecticut Health Care Center in Farmington, Connecticut. In both cases automation has been follow and this has resulted in notable improvements in uncomplainings safety as well as clinical productivity and process efficiency (David Green 821). It has been reported that there have been improvements as a result of alter perioperativ e system at Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital which is the Basset Healthcares core patient facility that yielded a 33% turnaround time improvements and a supply cost reduction of $ two hundred per case. As for University of Connecticut Health Center there has been strong enhancement in the efficiency of anesthesia management following its implementation of surgical information system just a few historic period after Bassetts adoption of the same. This is more specifically in charge capture for billing which has since shown improvement. Perioperative engineering science what it entails The engine room that is required for the perioperative environment must be supported from a holistic point of view. In this case each component must be integrated with a larger set of technology that will be used in or throughout the perioperative process this is inclusive of perioperative information technology and clinical facilities (Karen A. Wager 253). To advance this, data sharing must be enable d in this case all perioperative data and knowledge bases must share common metadata. It is also paramount that the technology supports all clinical and administrative data for perioperative care, from the initial identification of surgical case all through surgery, recovery and current outcome analysis. Database that support these processes must be modernized so as support all types of data, and equipment wont in the surgical process. Clinicians workflow must also be enhanced to make it easier, quick and less complicated. Data entry should be facilitated at once with real time precision and facilitate sharing ubiquitously as needed (Kenneth Laudon 92). This must be made realistic by high level of surgical equipment and software application interoperability throughout the entire perioperative process. Data interoperability is important so as to disregard cases of data redundancy as well as errors. The use of management information systems should facilitate automated data entry without the need for manual re-entry so as to enhance clinical acceptance and verity of data by minimizing user workloads and errors in transcription. To better illustrate how the perioperative requirements have been less addresses we have to mean the much anticipates software support computerized physician order entry (CPOE) which was created with the sole intent of making possible direct, online order entry by physicians (Paul J. St. Jacques & Minear). CPOE software is highly focused for

Analysis using IS-LM model Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis utilize IS-LM model - Article ExampleThese are considered to be the vital ingredients of an scrimping therefore, a change in each would lead to an effect in the economy, as either an scotch turmoil or a positive encounter.According to the Globe and Mail, China has been on the frontline in making an sparing improvement in each subsequent year. The field has been improving in its economy with each passing year, growing to be the second worlds biggest economy. This is a positive approach to the countrys economy, as it has stipulated methods of growth. Since 2009, the country has recorded its ever first lowest decline in economic growth. The countrys economic growth dropped from an average of 8.1% to a low of 7.6%. This was an occurrence that proved that the countrys economic growth would further deteriorate if not approached with the best economic measures. The economy had to encompass economic strategies that would revive its economic growth to a better position, just li ke the previous years. Therefore, the second biggest worlds economy would have to improve its approach towards economic growth to resuscitate the economic turmoil.The economic redundancy in the china republic could be explained by the IS-LM curve in a number of ways, which are tight related to the economy. First, the economic decline was forced due to the stagnant veridical estate investments. Many hoi polloi had acquired investments in real estates, with a focus of making an increase in their investments. In many countries, real estate is considered a highly viable investment. Therefore, many people have been compelled o increase their investments in the sector, including the china economy. However, the supply for real estate escalated, while the demand remained the same. With such a prevalent placement in the market, there were little tradeoffs between the real estate owners and the buyers. This led to a reduction in the interest rates as most of the owners had to

DIVERSITY & INCLUSION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

DIVERSITY & INCLUSION - Essay ExampleThat is, the thought that customs, usages, traditions, and habits are all required and sufficient features of culture has been dominant throughout the history of sociology (Geertz, 2000, p. 25). Rather, it seems that the idea of computer programs is a more stainless picture of culture, which produces heterogeneous rules, instructions, recipes, and plans that govern behavior. On this concept, culture is not except an interesting intellectual term in understanding how people behave, but a necessary mechanism in determining what an separate person does and accomplishes (Geertz, 2000, p. 25). The idea of a multicultural teaching method, like culture, engulfs many different perspectives and ideas namely, it is not merely an idea, but also an educational reform movement and a process of distinct cultivations. The primary goal of the multicultural education movement is to change the structure of educational institutions so that male and female st udents, stupendous students, and students who are members of diverse racial, ethnic, language, and cultural groups will have an equal chance to achieve academically in school (Banks & Banks, 2009, p. 1). ... ystems, interactions are governed to varying extents by various kinds of prejudices, submites, discrimination, and norms that may restrict (or enhance) group cohesiveness or separation. In the four-step pyramid, the two more fundamental steps involve the educators awareness of what he or she is projecting into the society of the school. If, for instance, an educator exhibits a cultural bias against students, then the culture that bias creates will likely have an effect on other students, who tend to mirror adult behaviors. This government issue demonstrates the fundamentality of teacher attitudes toward students in the classroom, especially with younger children who are especially impressionable. The top steps in the pyramid reflect the need for the educator to recognize outs ide sources of cultural biases and the need to address those. In a multicultural education, the educator is responsible for managing the impressions of cultural bias and class prejudices in their students. Treating the school as an coherent social society once again, it is important not to allow factors from the exterior environment to leave an intrusion on the participants (the students) that will lessen the potential for a welcome, helpful cooperation. Children in elementary schools, although impervious to various kinds of indicators of social class like homes and possessions, are likely to pick up on less cover signs such as the effects of economic disadvantage and their parents interactions with employers. These clues toward social class ultimately affect a childs perceptions of the world (including the relationship between school and their future) and their interactions with others (Ramsey, 2004, p. 94). A multicultural education, as an education that seeks to equalize educat ional opportunity, is

Psychology (Systems and Theories) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychology (Systems and Theories) - Essay ExampleThe science acquires association through systematic study of observation, experimentation of an event or a phenomenon of interest. The hypothesis developed which is found on observation is investigated thoroughly by designing and carrying out series of experiments. Then, the experimental results are analyse and explained in a systematized manner. The conclusions of the result verify the theory proposed related to observed event. Thus, in a scientific research, hypothesis is verified and a theory or the principle of the phenomenon is established. Every psychological research is evaluated as science. The scientific methods are applied to study human behavior to get accurate understanding of past, set up and future behavior. The psychology scientifically studies emotional processes related to perception, cognition, personality, behavior and interpersonal relationships. The psychologist scientifically intervenes a accompaniment behavi or by playing with the parameters and tries to get expected results through predicted behavior. The problems faced are structured agree to a particular theory or scientifically acceptable principle. The experiments are designed by manipulating a situation. In the experimental procedures, the individuals response to a particular condition is observed. The individuals reaction is a data in scientific terms and is a measure of effect when subjected to a particular cause. The dependable parameters are varied to get set of data which is further analyzed. Likewise, the sample is also undetermined to different circumstances to create a databank of situation and responses. Standards and controls as used in scientific research are also used to compare the results in psychological research. The control groups are exposed to neutral condition and sample groups are exposed to manipulated condition. Sometimes double blind studies

Margaret Thatcher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Margaret Thatcher - Essay ExampleOne of the unique strengths of MargaretThatcher was that she was able to reappearance male chauvinism and sexism that was present in the British system. The British society perceived that women belonged at abode and that important matters of leadership belonged to men. It is evident that she defied all the rules and norms to vie for various political positions from her days at Oxford University. jibe to Aitken, Thatcher maneuvered through a wave of gender discrimination which emanated from all directions. She was even crucified by members of her own party. A minister in her government was heard referring to her as that bloody woman, implying that she was not a favorite in the political scene.Margaret Thatcher, she was bound by strong values from her childhood. History affirms that she was born in a Christian family that had special rules and norms. This implies that she valued accountability and transparency in her daily activities. Her attitude t owards service to the creation was unprecedented as she advocated for massive economic renovations through an all-inclusive process. This was done due to the need to be a servant to the people.Another notable strength is that she believed in change and abolition of status quo. This orchestrate asserts that the British society regarded women as weak and could ensure that the situation remains intact. However, Thatcher was poised to pose a challenge to the setup and bring in a new way of thinking about the people. This was manifested by the way she handled issues head on as the leader of the government.

The Calabasas Smoking Ban Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Calabasas Smoking Ban - Essay Exampletheir residence) and therefore would greatly reduce their consume habit. It is such a good move by the city making the regulating as the modestness for smokers to eventually quit smoking. As a result of this, it would no doubt lessen their risks from diseases brought about by smoking.Moreover, I believe that the ordinance has been thoroughly justified through statistics and findings on the effects of the secondhand moving picture to smoke. The numbers of death outcome due to the effect of secondhand (or side stream) smoke greatly supports the ordinance which also, I suppose, provides a solid foundation. The figures give explanation for it all and have constructed reasonable argument in defending the ordinance. In my own point of view, this is one of the good reasons that the City Council does not have whatever opposition to the ordinance.The City of Calabasas is in one way preserving the community. Through the no-smoking ordinance, reside nts and the public will greatly gather from it thus making the city a healthy place to live in. The city may be just a small place to be the starting point and the example of a smokeless place but what the city council has come up with is just and reasonable although to some people sound off it sounds ridiculous. Well for me, it is not ridiculous.

The Consumer and Their Relation to the Commodity According To Marx, De Essay

The Consumer and Their Relation to the Commodity concord To Marx, De Certeau, Horkheimer and Adorno - Essay ExampleAlso, in the cases when an individual goes to a store and purchases a shirt, toy, a beverage or any other purchased commodity, they are arriving at the decision to do so as a consumer. On the other hand, a commodity is any physical substance, these including metals, foods, and grains which is exchangeable with a nonher commodity of the same kind, which traders purchase or sell, typically though futures agreements Another characteristic of any commodity is that the price of the given convergence at any given epoch is subject to the law of supply and demand. Notably, risk is actually the thorough reason on the basis of which the barter trading of the basic farming commodities began (Ozanne & Jeff 129-144). According to the review of De Certeaus publication the practice of everyday life walking in the city, the tactics and the strategies discussed are in transactio n during the process of making product choices among customers. These choices are, however, based on the consumers relationship to the contrary commodities that consumers encounter on a daily basis. The expressed viewpoint is drawn from the experiences of every person within the community. The argument is deliberately presented in a poetic manner. The book centers upon the uses that the consumers make of, from the things that they purchase, or that which they decide to buy. The book also talks of the different networks that are operating within the society, which play the role of helping people oppose and avoid the magnitude presented by institutions. De Certeau goes further to argue that the disciplinary constructions contained by the institutions within the society are deflected by genuine tactics the participants within the society in question offer an anti-discipline. Further, the consumers within the society, through the same tactical development, make their own tactically d eveloped paths, which are somewhat unpredictable. These paths that are formulated by the consumers cannot be described fully, from a formal, official or a statistical point of view (Certeau 76). These strategies, according to De Certeau, are predictive of the following the Strategies themselves require that the city or the subjects act as alienated from an environment, in that they hurt an appropriate place, an officially recognized place, which is seen externally. The tactics, on the other hand, have no properly established localization, and not necessarily alienated from each other, which means that they often mingle and interrelate with each other. Further, the tactics engross place within the territory of the strategies. These tactics, also, tend to be opportunistic, in that they combine a diverse domain of elements towards gaining momentary advantage. Everyday practices, are most times some of these tactics which include the small maneuvers that take into account for the realization of a momentary victory over the obstacle facing the subject at the time of need (Ozanne & Jeff 129-144). According to the account of Marx, in the account, idealism and materialism, the account holds that, humans are made to pull through in physical organizations where these organizations are helpful to the man, as they help him create their own means of subsistence. However, the subsistence models account upon the available means which they find existent as well as tat which they have do develop. Further, the productive efforts of these individuals are reflective of their life, expressing themselves

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

digest - Essay ExampleResearchers are also developing a washing machine that is connected to the meshwork to reduce dependency on energy and increase efficiency.This denomination explains the development of grasp Home, the first radar defence system ever created in the world. Robert Watson-Watt, a Scottish physicist, led the team that manufactured the Chain Home. The new BBC film Castles in the Sky elaborates the drama that come with the manufacturing of this defence system. Scientific drama entailed manufacturing a fully functioning system at the least cost and in the shortest time while policy-making drama entailed the dilemma of appeasement or re-armament policies. The film also shows the secrecy and the enormous costs that accompanied the development of the system. The radar system was important in Britains quest to keep Luftwaffe at note but its development continues to date.Clark and Johnston emphasize on the importance of a disposable partnership. A disposable society is a society that uses disposable items that can decompose. Clark and Johnston discourage the use of plastic bags citing their negative environmental effect. This article encourages the use of disposable items instead of plastic materials. Disposable materials are cost-effective to manufacture especially when recycled and environmentally friendly. In addition, this article supports the use of sustainable building materials. It examines the benefits of using grown materials over using hokey materials. The Firth of Forth, the Pont de Normandie and the Angel of the North are among the most iconic structures in the world because of their unique design. These structures embody creativeness and innovation.The Forth straddle took six years to build from 1882 to 1889. It contains a cantilever design balanced on its three towers. These towers support and hold the trains and link bridge between the two main sections. The Forth Bridge is the second largest

To combat poverty and increase growth in the worlds poorest countries Essay

To combat need and increase growth in the worlds forgetfulest countries policy makers need to focus on decreasing world income unlikeness - Essay ExampleIn the second section I will be dealing with the effectiveness of the policies in reduction of poverty and growth of economy in poor countries.I agree with the statement because, income inequality affects a boorishs economy which comes as a result of poverty in the society. Research done shows that income inequality is reflected in high relation to income poverty rates. Income inequality has also been linked with health problems. This is because income inequality is associated with umteen issues that affect the health of children adversely (Wilkinson 1996). Many health problems are also associated with the amount of income people earn. In a psychological interpretation, the health status of person affects their income and thus if one is unhealthy, there is a chess opening of low income. Income inequality is also associated with mental illness. People with poor living standards are at higher(prenominal) risks of physical and mental illnesses as a result of stress and lack of balanced diet. According to waggonwright (72-69) to help in urge oning poverty, equal distribution of income, developments in social and economic environments must be looked into. Income inequality affects the economy in ways and it leads to inflation too. It is therefore necessary for the government and the citizen to come up with policies to help curb income inequality which has lead to poverty in the society mostly affecting the poor countries.To combat poverty and economic discrimination, there has to be application of polices that are made and implemented by the society with total assistance by all sectors of the government. The implemented policies should enhance and promote equal opportunities and hold out access to basic social services, strengthen collective and individual participation and responsibility in the fight again st poverty, establish specific

Advanced Managerial Accounting - Creat Scorecard Essay

Advanced Managerial Accounting - Creat Scorecard - Essay ExampleThe co-operation leads into an increase in the overall performance of the university.The university must indulge in innovative and inventive processes in order to expend the available opportunities for improvement. For instance the application of technology in the student management and the learning process is a noble move. The technological application in learning is laudable and it boosts the innovation within the institution.The learning and growth entails the process through which change is adopted in the institution. The change takes the form of new policies, strategies and regulations in the institution. It takes cartridge clip for the change to be understood and adopted by the institution stakeholders. The symmetricalness scorecard tailors all the personal line of credit activities to organizational vision and mission through a management dodging. The system enhances the improvement of the internal system of an organization. Additionally, the framework monitors the organizational performance regarding the goals and objectives of the firm. The non-financial variables are also part of the performance framework to create a balanced view of the affairs of an organization (Makhijani andCreelman, 2011). The inclusion of the financial and the non-financial aspects of an organization create a balance on the general view of an entity.Teaching technology should be applied in the process of learning. The university has head of hair plans on the purchase of sufficient iPods for learning. The university also utilizes student information system, which helps in the management of the student serve ensures that the customization of the services and products offered to the students. He provision attracts many students, which leads to a high number of enrollments per year. Different students in the University of UAE command different levels of comfort. For that reason, application of technology in lear ning promotes diversity and accommodativeness.Teaching helps in the

Language Seminar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

speech communication Seminar - Essay ExampleWe met as partners and decided from the list of skills which one we should focus on and the relevant trial proves that we should choose. After negotiation, we agreed to focus on grammar and thus selected grammar parts of three test samples. Before embarking on the task, we did extensive literature review from textbooks and lecture notes which were to guide us inappropriately responding to the task.After this preparation, we answered then critiqued the sample tests base on six qualities of usefulness practicality, impact, validity, reliability, interactiveness, and authenticity. The arguments were backed by relevant literature earlier identified. This critique guide us in coming up with a performance-based test that aimed at improving on the sample tests. The strengths of the performance-based test over the sample tests were given.We presented each test separately with its critique which made it simple to stick to the presentation. Eve n though taken at the end of the presentation, questions were encouraged from the students with both of us responding to them to the best of our knowledge. The summarising fudge at the end of the presentation was an advantage in the presentation.More so, we had practiced prior to the final presentation which helped us time ourselves appropriately.Instead of each one working on a different part then intermix at the end, we did the whole task together, engaging in arguments that led us to present the best-agreed responses.

The future of Cloud Computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The future of Cloud Computing - Research written report ExampleEmerging information technologies have fully transformed the way businesses, institutions, and governments operate. The technologies have come on with high levels of efficiency and reliability, signifi basetly cutting the operational costs of the users. Vendors of these technologies have taken advantage of this credence and have engaged in competition with each other, much of which benefits the end user. Cloud computing is sensation the latest technologies. Cloud computing is better viewed as a model, bringing together a conspiracy of existing technologies that facilitate running of businesses in a different and better way. Examples of such technologies include virtualization and utility-based determine which have been in the market for quite some time.It combines these technologies to cater for the increased technological and economical requirements of the present-day(prenominal) field of information technology. C loud computing is a model that offers a convenient access to a large pool of shared configurable computing resources, which can be shared with the least management case since they are only released on demand. The resources include servers, networks, services, storage, and applications. Amazon, Google, and Microsoft are the largest vendors of cloud computing. The technology has been necessitated by the rapidly increase need for processing and storage of data. The internet has made it possible to develop such a technology. In cloud computing, resources such as CPU and storage are categorized as general utilities that can be hired out to other users through the internet, in a fashion known as on-demand.in this technology, there are infrastructure providers who are tasked with the management and leasing out of the cloud platforms (Zhang, Cheng & Boutaba, 2010).There are also service providers, who, on the other hand, rent resources from the infrastructure providers to the end users.

Coexisting Disorders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Coexisting Disorders - Essay typesetters case consort to the Drug Enforcement Administration, methamphetamine is classified as a Schedule II drug, which implies that the drug move be obtained only through a medical prescription and has high probability of ab theatrical role and addiction. It is chemically similar to its parent compound, amphetamine, but its effects are more conspicuous. It is prescribed medically under the note of Desoxyn for the treatment of severe Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), Narcolepsy and extreme cases of obesity.Methamphetamine, primarily affects the brain, stimulating an increase in the secretion of the neurotransmitter, dopamine. This neurotransmitter acts as a chemical messenger and is responsible for the experience of pleasure and stimulation of go activities. It excessively alters the level of serotonin, another neurotransmitter. Both these properties make this drug potentially dangerous. It rotter alter moods, spring depression, lead to violent tendencies and suicidal thoughts. It is also the root cause of other psychotic ailments like hallucinations, paranoia and psychoneurotic behavior. Medical studies have also shown that chronic use of methamphetamine understructure lead to damaging changes in the structure of the brain, mostly affecting the areas responsible for emotion and memory (Thompson et al). Besides the nervous system, the drug can also have detrimental implications on the basic metabolisms of the body. It increases the heart rate, elevates blood pressure, increases the rate of respiration and also causes hyperthermia. Long term can use can cause extreme weight loss, insomnia and severe alveolar consonant tasks. The drug is also known to possess aphrodisiac qualities, and thus, it leads to impulsive sexual behavior. The hazardous drug can be snorted, swallowed, inhaled, dissolved in water, injected, but the most common method of administration is oral intake. foreboding(a) diseases like Hepatitis B and C, and HIV/AIDS can also be transmitted through the use of infected needles and syringes, commonly used to inject the drug.Similar to many other abused drugs, methamphetamine users gain an adrenaline rush coupled with an extreme sense of pleasure. It stimulates the senses, increases concentration and also leads to sexually charged behavior. According to the topic Institute On Drug Abuse, methamphetamine abuse continues to be a massive problem in the United States of America, and is reportedly spreading to Mexico and also to the Midwest. According to a survey conducted by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), approximately 10.4 million people over the get on of 12 have tried methamphetamine at least once. Use of methamphetamine in opprobrious quantities is known to cause depression and mental anxiety. A recent study conducted by The Methamphetamine intervention Project evaluated the psychological condition within a group of 1016 people, all methamphetamine users. A careen 60% of the women and 50% of the men exhibited strong symptoms of depression. Close to 28% women and 13% men attempted or persistently thought about suicide. Their mental conditions had deteriorated to such extremes that 26& had to be admitted in the psychiatry denotation while 32% were administered medications. (Zweben et al.)Biologically, depression is defined as a psychological disorder, which is characterized by persistent sadness, secession from daily and social activities, and inability to feel pleased and happy. It is normal for every

Public Attitudes to Youth Crime Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Public Attitudes to Youth abhorrence - Case Study ExampleThe report involved applying a qualitative approach to research in which 125 participants were engaged of which 68 were female while 57 were male. All the participants were between 18 and 76 years of age. A focus group methodology was then applied to analyzing the diversity and range of company attitudes towards youth perpetrated crime, and the reasons underlying the presented views. The article identified youth crime and antisocial behavior as a major source of concern and contributor to local anaesthetic crime statistics. Youth groups that often hang roughly neighborhoods and public spaces are described as intimidating presences that start out being moderately secondary annoyances and disruptive in behavior, forrader moving on to behavior that could be intentionally intimidating and offensive, before graduating to committing outright violence. Antisocial behavior was also presented when the youth engaged in vandalism, damaged cars, smashed windows and seat graffiti on public spaces. The article further argues that the local community had failed on curtailing youth delinquency and antisocial behavior, by failing to discipline the youth they condoned the behavior and allowed the youth to graduate into worse forms of delinquency. The local community and parents were not the only groups assigned blame for youth delinquency and antisocial behavior, the weak and senseless criminal justice system was also assigned blame. Poor parenting and the diminished sense of community were specifically identified as the major factors that allowed the youth to grow up without the understanding that their actions had consequences or respect for authority.

See the description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

See the description - Essay ExampleAs a start, it is important to define what is meant by stereotyping. A stereotype is the creation of a biased view or assumption about a certain ethnic, religious, or social group. In new(prenominal) words, an individual will take the behavior of iodine person and state that all mint belonging to that particular group behave in the aforementioned(prenominal) manner.The problem with stereotyping is that it encourages people to react and behave in a manner that is both judgmental and biased.The firstly special K stereotyping inference people have about Moslems is that they are extremists and terrorists. Moslems are seen as the most common source of terrorism and senseless violence. Besides, Moslems are also viewed as worshippers of an alien deity, who are intolerant of other religions and eager to use physical force to expand Islam. In addition, another negative assumption that people have about Islam is related to the Moslems view towards women . Most of the western world unjustly believes that Islam subjects women to harsh and humbling discrimination and puts them in a status inferior to men.On the other hand, many western countries cite Moslems as persons who have many physical traits in common, concerning shape and dress. For instance, many people view Moslems as grim bearded men who mount robes and turbans. The negative image the West has about Moslems affect the management they treat Moslem residents in their lands. In many cases, Moslems in foreign countries suffer from extreme cases of discrimination and suppression. One of the Islamic practices that is fought and suppressed by the West is the veil of Moslem women. The veil or Hijab is the Islamic dress for females, which requires women to cover all their bodies, except their faces and hands. Moslem women are ordered by God to wear this kind of dress whenever they get out from their homes. So, the majority of Moslem women abides by this rule, and

Effects of Agriculture Essay Example for Free

Effects of Agriculture EssayThe growing of man through market-gardening was expressed thoroughly by Jared Diamond in his article. The transition from a Neolithic way of living to a Paleolithic way of life had many negative effects. Having tidy sum settling down to build organized cities and companies meant there would be hearty inequalities. Women were usually the first targets to social inequality. Having stack stay in one area and having them live together in villages created the uprising of pandemic diseases that created a far-flung of death in communities. During this time growing their own food did not discover that they would eat.Farmers that had failing crops would lead to starvation for their families. The change from nomads to farmers and agriculturists was not filled with full prosperity. Social inequalities created the basis for the institution of social classes and positions in every society. Women were the first group to experience social inequality. Women being weaker than men were incessantly subject to doing less rigorous but more labor. While a man would be run for game, a womans responsibility would be to gather small vegetables and fruit if the man returns with no meat.A woman was expected to clean, nurture the small children, prepare a meal and in just about cases hold a baby in her womb. Paleolithic lifestyle from the eyes of a woman suggests that a woman was not spotlessly pleased with the life she lived. A woman was forced into marriage with unusual knowledge of the man before. A woman craved loved but sometimes didnt olfactory perception it in the relationships she was in. Woman were similarly forced to stay at home which limited the knowledge a woman can have given that she cant even go outside. Social unlikeness limits the progress of a society and women were a prime example.Epidemic diseases not only killed thousands of people and do populations decreased greatly, but also imbedded the fear of death into the min ds of many people. And epidemic disease is a widespread of disease thats transmitted from person to person. This epidemic will not stop until a vaccine is created. An example was the Black Death that plagued European countries from 1348 to 1350. Another example would be smallpox that devastated many countries and civilizations including antique Egypt and countries in Europe.After the Neolithic time period and the uprise of agriculture, there was also a rise in epidemic disease. Having people live together in unsanitary areas quickly made people vulnerable to bacterium and other viruses. Having no knowledge of this, people of that time period would spread the bacteria to one another through physical contact which would get each other sick. Having large villages would military issue in a large percentage of people dying because they arent touching due to the blockade of their nomadic life, and are in one place.Also, having an overpopulated area would create a faster way for an e ntire civilization to perish. Epidemics in the Paleolithic time period contributed to the first mass deaths during that time period. Having to stop moving around and becoming farmers was a very helpful thing to many peoples lives, but that didnt needfully mean they had something to eat all the time. Farmers worked very hard on their plantations to ensure they had enough food for the near harvest and enough food to survive the harsh winter to come. The harvest would be successful and could also be the reason why entire families would die.A plantation would fail and lead to starvation for most families due to many environmental reasons. Droughts would occur to limit the water supply of crops. Starting to grow plants during the defame season would definitely ensure a failing plantation. Insects and animals would destroy the hard work of these farmers by have what the crops have produced, or just destroying it all together. Animals such as raccoons, wolves, or coyotes would see these plantations as an indulgent access to food and destroy a seasons hard work.Insects such as locusts would pig all in its path and the crops were an easy target for a large group of locusts. The life of a Paleolithic farmer could be prosperous but could be very harsh at times. there are many things that could contribute to the failure of a person that is living a life of agriculture from the Paleolithic time period. There were many limiting factors to making this an unsuccessful way to live, but social inequality, epidemic diseases, and failing crops that led to starvation stood out the most.It was harsh to live a very kick in life when being a woman subject to social inequality during this time. Living a cruddy unsanitary lifestyle would lead to the death and the rise of epidemics to occur in many civilizations. The failing of a farmers crops could destroy his life for that season and ruin his family with just one thing to get hold to his plantation. The effects of agriculture had not only a positive alternative of living but a heavy, negative, and devastating effect in the life of farmers of the Paleolithic time period.

History of education Essay Example for Free

level of fostering EssayTamil Nadu is regarded to be 1 of Indias star performers in the sector of wide-eyed genteelness. The results of the 2001 Census show that Tamil Nadu has attained third position behind Kerala and Maharashtra both in harm of overall and female literacy. It recorded close to 100 per cent gross schedule ratio (GER) at primary and upper primary levels based on 2007 estimates. A major legislative effort for the universalisation of pedagogics in line with the constitutional mandate has been the introduction of the Tamil Nadu Compulsory Education numeral, 1994. Under this dally it is the duty of the presidential term to exit the necessary theme ( instructs and teachers) for ensuring universalisation of elementary gentility. Pargonnts are overly liable to be fined if they do not send their wards to prepare, though this rule is not very strictly enforced as well-nigh of the children not going to school come from poor backgrounds. Tamil Nadus high e nrolment statistics are also the result of the number of welfare schemes that the State government has introduced in the elementary knowledge sector. The large number of missionary and unavowed schools are also playing a role in the spread of procreation.The government provides text newss, uniforms and noon meals to the pupils making it a State where the per child spending is much high than in educationally backward States such as Bihar, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and others and is higher than the all-India average. The State is making an endeavor to provide primary schools within a one km radius of human habitations with a population of three hundred and above to increase their accessibility. It is also a State that has genuinely spent most of the funds allocated to it by the Centre chthonian the SSA scheme, in contrast to States like UP, Bihar and Assam that have huge unspent amounts.Tamil Nadu students s in like mannerd early in the country in mathematics, language and reading comprehension skills according to the national mid-term achievement mess of Class III children commissioned by the NCERT in collaboration with the MHRD and the SCERT and SSA wings of the States recently. But it has come to bring down that local bodies like corporations and municipalities are not fully utilizing money collected as education tax r regularue as a percentage of property tax under the Tamil Nadu Elementary Education Act and this is affecting the bore and quantity of formal education provision at the grassroots level.While the universal literacy rate in Tamil Nadu as per 2001 data is 73. 5%, wide disparities exist across districts, gender, and eye socket of residence as well as social grouping. The literacy rate of the SC and ST populations are consistently overthrow in all the districts. The retention rate within and after the primary school level is also not very impressive and there is a high percentage of repeaters. This is particularly so in the c ase of the STs and SCs.It is to overcome this discrepancy between education offered in different kinds of schools, between rural and urban schools and to overcome other numerous ills that have crept into the education bodysuch as arbitrary collection of fees, induction of daily waged, inadequately qualified para teachers, rote learning, examination stress, problems related to the medium of focusing and so onthat the State government constituted the Muthukumaran Committee, which submitted its report in 2007.This committee had the mandate to knead out a framework of a uniform pattern of education in Tamil Nadu and to piss recommendations for improving its persona. The report of the Committee recommends only one autonomous board, The Tamil Nadu State Secondary school day Education Board, instead of the existing four State level boardsMatriculation, Anglo-Indian, Oriental and State Board.Schools coming under this integrated Board would follow a common syllabus ensuring an equitab le school education in the State not conferring any undue advantages with regard to admission into higher educational institutions for students completing their school education from one particular Board. Equitable standard education is to be provided by a uncouth School or Neighbourhood School ashes, which with uniform syllabi would help to decommercialise educational institutions and put an end to umteen a private management that does not tint sufficiently accountable to society in this all measurable(p) sector.The spiraling cost of education starting at the nursery level is cementing caste-class and rural-urban divisions. A common school system using the mother tongue as a medium of pedagogics would make pertain education accessible to all without discrimination. A common school system also room a common examination pattern. The report of the Committee advocates a reasonable teacher-student ratio of not more than 130 and doing away with faulty textbooks and a system of r ote learning.It emphasizes the promotion of analytical and rational skills that would go the students to learn by themselves a testing and evaluation pattern that involves the application of concepts learnt rather than mere gentility of facts. The school syllabus should not overload students with information but instead kindle their interest in the subject and teach them how to search for more information and conceptualize it. Traditional cognition should be merged and do part of school education.Evaluation should be comprehensive and not just of academic achievements, and that too only marks based. Evaluation should include an assessment of student abilities and performance in academics, the arts, sports and games, values, reading habits, character, lead and other extra-curricular activities. Schools should not only lay emphasis on academic subjects but also on moral education. Here the Committee suggests that it may be better to have a progress book with entries made from time to time and also periodically sent to the parents so that they may be made aware of their childs progress.Regular consultation with parents about their wards progress and achievements and educational goals is a must. A sheet of paper containing marks obtained in public exams is not enough to understand a students development and potential. If the marks obtained in only one exam are going to go under the persons admission into an institute of higher learning past all stress is on preparing for this exam neglecting other exams and activities. The chance or temptation to indulge in malpractices is also high.Marks obtained in a one-time exam also are no accurate reflection of the students actual knowledge and achievement level and potential. Treating exams and marks as more important than life itself has meant the death of many another(prenominal) a student. Finally, children belonging to linguistic minorities should be allowed to gain instruction in their respective mother tongue, maculation all students in standards 5 or 8 ought to have a specific level of knowledge in Tamil and face so that these languages hind end be apply for communication.No student should be dropped and he/she should be allowed to grow in the chosen field of interest and in accordance with their individualist capability. A simple pass or fail should certainly not be a decision making factor in a persons life. While the government has accepted the notion of one board for school education other major recommendations of the Muthukumaran Committee on education reforms are macrocosm sidelined by the State government. In fact, some government run schools are changing the medium of instruction to English and not all schools teach Tamil, though this is compulsory as per current State education law.Moreover, schools with an eye on the results in board exams and aiming at future lucrative career possibilities for their students are introducing groundbreaking European languages like French (German is waiting to be introduced on a larger scale on the school level) that are supposedly high scoring subjects in comparison to Tamil, which is imposen to be difficult even by those whose mother tongue it is. There is almost everywhere an exodus from government run schools to help or private schools because of the perceived better quality and the lure of an English medium education, which is regarded by parents to be necessary in todays world.It is to remain viable and not lose out in this competition for students that government run schools are increasingly offering English medium instruction also, although the English medium sections are permitted only on a self-financing basis. The non-acceptance of important recommendations by the Muthukumaran committee is thus in line with the general pro-globalisation trend in the Tamil Nadu economy as a whole. Current education system Why is India still a developing country and what is stopping it from being a actual country?Indias education system as a stumbling block towards its objectives of achieving inclusive growth. India is going to fuck a paradox of nearly 90 million nation joining the workforce but most of them impart lack requiste skills and the mindset for productiveemployment according to a report in DNA. India has about 550 million people under the age of 25 years out of which only 11% are enrolled in ordinal institutions compared to the world average of 23%. .I will be focussing on how the education systems failure is leading to another social issue of income inequality and hence, suggest certain policies to modify Indias education system and reduce inequality. Problems and drawbacks The really critical aspect of Indian public education system is its low quality. The actual quantity of schooling that children experience and the quality of precept they receive are extremely insufficient ingovernment schools. A common feature in all government schools is the poor quality of education, with wea k infrastructure and inadequate pedagogic attention.What the government is not realising right now is that education which is a source of human capital fire create wide income inequalities. It will be surprising to see how income inequalities are created within the same group of educated peopleSo if the government does not break education system particularly in rural areas the rich will become richer and the poor will get poorer. Hence, it is haughty for the government to correct the blemishes in Indias education system which will also be a step towards reducing income inequality.Another reason for poor quality of education is the poor quality of teachers in government schools . Government schools are unable to attract good quality teachers due to inadequate teaching facilities and low salaries. The government currently spends only 3% of its GDP on education which is inadequate and insufficient. To improve the quality of education , the government needs to spend more money from i ts coffers on education. Most economists feel that the only panacea to the ills of the public schooling system is the voucher scheme.Under the voucher system, parents are allowed to rent a school for their children and they get full or partial reimbursement for the expenses from the government. But however, the voucher system will further aggravate the problem of poor quality of education in government schools. Such a system will shift resources from government schools to private schools. This will worsen the situation of government schools which are already under-funded. Moreover, if the same amount given as vouchers can be used to build infrastructure in schools then the government can realize economies of scale.For example- The centre for civil society is providing vouchers worth Rs 4000 per annum to 308 girls. This means that the total amount of money given as vouchers is Rs 1232000. If the same amount can be used to construct a school and employ high quality teachers who are p aid well then a larger section of the society will enjoy the benefit of education. A school can definitely accommodate a minimum of 1000 students. I hope government takes certain assign policy measures to improve the education system otherwise inequalities are going to be widespread and Indias basic capabilities will remain stunted.Let us strengthen the case for a stronger education system. last Certain policy measures need to be taken by the government. The basic thrust of government education spending today must surely be to ensure that all children have access to government schools and to raise the quality of education in those schools. One of the ways in which the problem of poor quality of education can be tackled is through common schooling. This essentially means sharing of resources between private and public schools. Shift system is one of the ways through which common schooling can be achieved.The private school can use the resources during the first half of the day and the government school can use it during the second half. It is important to remember that the quality of education is directly linked to the resources available and it is important for the government to improve resource allocation to bring about qualitative changes in the field of education. viridity schooling is one of the ways in which government can use limited resources in an in effect(p) way and thus improve resource allocation.

Narrative Experience Essay Example for Free

Narrative Experience EssayBeing a foreign student whose origin language is Chinese, I had a hard time pushing myself into the world of slope. I baged to learn side of meat at age six, which is rather a young age for Chinese to study a stand by language. At that time, English moreover meant the alphabet to me. I felt quite easy playing with my 24 friends all solar day long. However, I planned to escape from the English world when I met grammar, vocabulary and censure structures. I tried my best to memorize the grammars, to use the various different kinds of vocabularies. Nevertheless, what I wrote still looked windy lacked content and composition.It was just like having all the right pieces for a puzzle called English Composition, but the address was so hard that I did not know where to put apiece of them to get the final picture. alike a baby who falls via learning how to walk, I completely had no idea how to walk on a road called academic musical composition. To be specific, I fell every time I wrote disputatious try. Last year, as a foreign student who wanted to study abroad, I pauperisation to wait a language test called TOEFL. Writing an argumentative essay is a part of the test. An argumentative essay should consist of a mean return and several sensible theses to support the mean theme.I memorized this command but felt rather confusing. I had no problem clarifying which strong belief should be the topic but was bad at giving detailed arguments. When I did a simulative test for the dependmost time, I was required to write my opinions just about homeschooling. Suddenly plenty of stories about homeschooling came up to my minds. Well, it is just like a piece of cake since I deal use the story from Helen Keller, Edison and etc. I told myself while paternity down four stories about homeschooling. However, I only got 10 out of 30 for my first try. I was shocked by the comment, Lacking clear theses to develop the topic.Although t here are several beautiful objurgate structures, there is no participation between each metre. said by the English teacher. To be honest, I am also bad at writing compositions in my mother tongue, Chinese. Not being logical is a problem existing both in my Chinese and English composition. It is a problem about my way of thinking indeed. I could hardly find a proper way to learn how to writing an argumentative essay and I pa apply around the cash in ones chipsing point. In order to understand how to write English compositions and get a better score, I took a summer course for preparing for the TOEFL test.It was when I met my god of logic, who totally changed my attitude towards English composition. He is my writing teacher Brian. Brian never used a textbook, what he need was just a marker and a blackboard. His syllabus was never about what we would learn each day but full of topics. I still remember he wrote railway car on the blackboard for the first class. Trust me we fag fin ish a 1000-word essay about this topic within the next 2 hours. Then he said. One thousand? I repeated. At that time, I thought he was amplify because it was just the first composition class.And based on my appreciation, we were supposed to study some words and sentence structures which can be used as templates rather than looking at a topic. Hence, I rancid to be curious about what he was going to say next. I had a strange feeling that I would gain something special from him. What will people usually think of when talking about automobile? He continued without pausing, The history of automobile. The concept of automobile, students replied. Then, let us Google a definition for automobile to start this topic, he opened the monitor and typed the word while speaking.The prior choice was the definition from Wikipedia, An automobile is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor. He used it as the first sentence. He went o n capturing another sentence illustrating the history of automobile just from the alike(p) page. Ok, since automobile has such a long history as we can see from the second sentence, what can you think of after it? It must have brought lots of changes to the daily life of our people I replied naturally, assassinator So girl, give me some more details that you can think of, He moved to my front and start to ask me constantly.Well, we can travel to some place we have never been to and we can start off whenever we want Give me an example While I was telling him the story after my novice bought his first car, he turned back to the blackboard and wrote down what I had just said. I started to be much interested in what he would ask next since this was definitely a new dogma method to me. Brian interacted with us during the whole two hours. Dramatically, we really finished a 1000-word draft at the end. I totally could not believe it and continued looking at the blackboard filling wi th all the sentences we came up with during the two hours.They are just the stories and ideas from our brains. In my view, they are just what we would say when chatting with others. Brian used a head game rope to tie them up and change them into a composition Being logical is not that hard. The only thing we need to do is connecting your sentences while sp class period out your topic. Every time you wrote down a sentence, ask yourself, what do I think of it, what should I write next. Brian said at the end of the class. I used to be busy searching for fancy but meaningless words or expert but useless phrases without knowing why I use it. Hence, my essay had no logic and no content.It is just a bunch of irrelevant sentences. Just like a chic lady without a clear face. Brian used simple questions to lead my logic and develop the theme of the essay naturally. Every sentence in the draft suddenly made sense to me. I had no problem understanding the connection between two sentences and why we need to give examples for explaining the benefits of automobile. The method of inquiry lifts me to another level of understanding what literacy is. At first, I though literacy was just about different types of writing formats, like narratives, argument essays, poetry, etc.. still I deny them all now.In my point of view, making sense is the priority. If a passage lacks logic, we can learn nothing from it although we read numerous difficult sentences. Since then, no matter what kind of essay I am required to write, I start from the words and sentences which make sense to me. Then I conserve the instruction to modify them. Yes, I see my door to the world of English. I want to end my literary experience with an interesting story happened last week, my brother Dill asked me to help him with his TOEFL composition. As I was reading his draft, all the old memories of my learning process just came back. This time, I had a clear purpose.While modifying each thesis and point arguing about what the mobile has brought to our daily life, I just used what my teacher, Brian told me to do. I know I should ask myself the connection between each sentence from the beginning. My brother started his essay with a story about his first cellphone. But I think it would be clearer if he pointed out his theme first and use this story as an argument example. Although it has been a year since I took the TOEFL course, this method for literary writing is just like what I just learnt yesterday. Writing an argumentative essay does not seem to be a barrier to me anymore.

Effects of Television as Mass Media on Children of 10 Years Essay Example for Free

set ups of Television as Mass Media on Children of 10 Years EssayIntroductionMass media is a collective term that refers to all the media technologies whose sole use is reaching a vast audience through kettle of fish communication. There are two study categories of visual sense media, which are, broadcast media and print media. Transmission of information by broadcast media is via electronic means tour transmission of information by print media is via physical means. Broadcast media found of radio, film, CDs, television system, and many more. Print media comprise of magazines, newspapers, newsletters, leaflets, books, pamphlets and brochures. Effect is a term that refers to something produced by a cause. It can also be referred to as a consequence. This look for paper seeks to investigate both verifying and negative effectuate of mass media on small fryren. accomplishable solutions to address or mitigate the negative effects of mass media will also be highlighted. diverseial gear Effects of Mass Media on ChildrenThe mass media, particularly, broadcast media, significantly affects childishness ontogeny in that, it provides information-seeking and poser opportunities out(a)side school and family. It has been estimated that the average American child watches more than 20, 000 television commercials annually. According to statistical entropy collected in the year 2000, children aged between the ages of two and five spent 40 hours reflection television on a weekly basis. Those between six to eleven years spent 50 to 60 hours weekly watching television. These findings clearly show that mass media reckons an essential life in pliant a childs beliefs, behaviors and attitudes (Bento, 2004).Among the key manifestation of the negative effects that media has on children is their declining lifestyle forest and changing mental set up. Instead of investing their time in studying, reading good books, zesty in social activities, and exercising, chil dren choose to spend their evenings watching movies or glued to the television sets. With increasing technical advancement, the Internet can easily be accessed, even by small children. This exposes such children to things that they do non necessarily need to know and whitethorn not understand. The reading culture is gradually fading and substituted by mass media. This poses a negative effect on school performance as well as learning problems. Children are increasingly reporting low academic grades and problems in learning due to excess in mass media (Matthew Jesse, 2008)Food advertisement in broadcast media such as televisions has been cereb set to ascending cases of childhood obesity. There is a strong relationship between an increase in non-nutritious food publicize and childhood obesity. It is extremely hard for children at a lower place the age of six to differentiate between advertising and programing. Those below the age of eight do not comprehend the fact that the m ain intention of advertising is to shake the audience to purchase a given product.Therefore, non-nutritious or junk food advertising directed to children may turn out to be exploitative. A single commercial exposure can go a long way in influencing product references among children. Additionally, the remarkable ability of children to remember the message from various advertisements increases their likelihood to indulge in unhealthy eat habits such as over-consumption of unhealthy fast foods, which results to heightened rates of childhood obesity (Munni Ram, 2010).Body image problems and eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa are also directly linked to mass media. This is particularly the case with teen girls. The mass media ads portray models with unrealistic images. More frequently than not, the models await to beget extremely thin waists and figures that are unattainable. In the attempt to look like the models seen in televisions, teenage girls may starve themselves and even develop unhealthy eating habits such as binging. This results to development of eating disorder. Mass media tends to dictate various aspects including the ideal image or the definition of truelove. Children blindly imitate the spellbind models portray in mass media without being careful enough to differentiate between wrong and right. some(prenominal) young girls have developed self-esteem issues due to failure to match up to the image and beauty standards dictated by the media (Page Evra, 2004).A negative effect of mass media that is worth noting is with respect to sexuality. Mass media may prompt children to engage in sexual activities at an early age. Research has indicated that children are exposed to just about 14, 000 sexual references annually in televisions. Out of these references, only 150 of them address issues of abstinence, sexual responsibility, or contraception (Preiss, 2007). This implies that sex is portrayed as a fun activity, which prompts children to have an urge to try it out. Overexposure to sexual case in videos, games and television programming is strongly linked to increasing rates of teen pregnancies. A like case applies to substance abuse, which is highly depicted in movies that children watch. Out of curiosity, such children begin trying out different illegal drugs and substances seen in media sources.Positive Social Effects of Mass MediaDespite the mentioned negative effects, in that respect are a number of validatory social effects of mass media on children. Mass media plays a major role in enhancing positive child development. For instance, various educational programs aired in televisions may serve to increase childrens knowledge and understanding of various life aspects. Positive role models portrayed in the mass media can also serve as a positive social developmental tool for children and young adults. Qualitative question studies have shown that one way in which televisions enhance development in children is portraying positive role models of collaboration and development as a responsible modality of acting (Preiss, 2007). It is therefore evident that televisions can serve as a means learning of positive reinforcement in children.Mass media has also played a major role in enhancing socialising among children. With advance(a) technology, children can easily access the internet, which is a major socialization tool. The internet serves as an efficacious means of communication among individuals regardless of their geographical locations. The internet can also serve as a good source of knowledge on various aspects. By using search engines such as Google, children can increase their knowledge and understanding of various subjects learnt in school. The internet provides a vast pluck of information on various topics and fields of study. Therefore, it is an excellent research tool that can be utilize positively by students (Munni, 2010).Mass media programs can serve as a means of minim izing the effects of stereotyping among children. These programs often portray cast members from different ethnic and racial backgrounds. Hence, children learn to appreciate cultural diversity from a tender age. Mass media therefore serves a means of increasing the preparedness of children for adolescence. Constructive utilization of mass media can play a significant role in helping children and young adults to learn socially appropriate means if solving conflicts, knowing their rights and protection from harm. Mass media can also serve as a tool for promoting health lifestyles and eating habits in children (Page, 2004).Possible SolutionsParental control is one of the contingent solutions to preventing the negative influence of mass media on children. Parents should take charge of the means that is accessible to their babys. They should prevent their kid from watching programs aimed at promoting violence, substance abuse as well as those obtaining sexually explicit content. one workable way is switching off the television or changing channels during certain programming and adverts that are meant to exploit children. Parents should help their children understand the difference that exists between actual reality and fantasy world. This is especially with respect to images and beauty expectations dictated by the mass media. Parents should let their children know the essence of loving oneself and appreciating oneself. This is a good step toward helping such kids to build on their self-esteem and confidence (Debra, 2003).Practitioners should conduct research and provide relevant empirical evidence showing the impact that mass media has on increasing the rate of childhood obesity. Laying emphasis on this subject will shed light on different kinds of advertising and try to limit those that encourage consumption of unhealthy foods. In addition to practitioners, researchers also have an important role to play. There is the need for conducting further research on t he negative consequences of mass media and how to trash them. Research should also focus on ways of promoting the positive contribution of mass media to a childs social development (Bento, 2004).Rather than letting children invest most of their time watching television and other media platforms, schools should encourage children to do assignments or further study during their free time. They should also be advance to take part in co-curricular activities such as games. The entertainment industry should be careful of the content that it portrays to the audience. With the help of the presidency, it would be possible to censure some of the programming and advertisements that pose negative effects on children. Rather than just focusing on persuasion and the profits that would be generated from products, the advertising industry should play the role of promoting adverts that lead to constructive developments. The adverts promoted should result to healthy lifestyles in children (Berula va, 2010).It is therefore evident that different stakeholders including parents, school, the government and even the entertainment industry, have a fundamental role to play in preventing the negative effects that media poses on children. The government and policy makers should work toward implementation of policies that put restrictions and control to the time specific content should be aired in broadcast media sources such as televisions. A good suggestion is for programs that contain violence or sexual content to be aired late at night when children are already asleep (Kirsh, 2006).ConclusionChildhood development is significantly affected by mass media. With advanced technology, children are continually exposed to thousands of television commercials and even sexual references. Some of the negative effects of mass media include poor performance, early onset of sex, substance abuse, and violence. Mass media may also have positive effects such as increasing knowledge and enhancing po sitive social development in children. Parents, government, advertising industry, practitioners, researchers, and the entertainment industry have a major role to play in prevention and steering of the effects of mass media on children.ReferencesBento, J. (2004) Meditating the negative effects of mass media on children. Seattle Antioch University PublishersBerulava, M. N. (2010) The Nation is in Danger. Russian Education and Society, 52(3), 30-36Debra, M. (2003) Questioning the media and reclaiming our sacred space. Paths of Learning, 15, 24Fink, G. (2010) Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster. California Elsevier Publications Kirsh, S. (2006) Children, adolescents, and media violence. Thousand Oaks, California judicious Publications, IncMatthew, G., Jesse, S. (2008) Preschool television viewing and adolescent test scores historical evidence from the Coleman study. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(1), 279-323 Munni, R., Ram, K. (2010) Effect of electronic media on children. Ind ian Pediatrics, 47(7), 561-568Page, J., Evra, V. (2004) Television and child development. New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Preiss, R. (2007) Mass media effects research advances through meta-analysis. New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay Example for Free

Ralph Waldo Emerson EssayTranscendentalism is the power to be an person. Thoreau erstwhile said Most of the luxuries and many of the so-called comforts of sprightliness are non only non indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevation of mankind. In this he meant that the item-by-item didnt need superfluities in smart set to happy or be champions true self. In todays purchase order, this ism is not evident. When looking to the domain of a function around him, the individual constantly has things thrust at him telling him what he has to believe in to be liked, and what he has to look like to be accepted, and what he needs to be happy. What the individual truly needs is the business leader to be an individual, the ability to be transcendental. Transcendentalism should be applied to aspects of anyday life. The ability to be independent is a driving force in the world. Self-empowerment of the individual is critical in todays ordination. order of magnitude allwh ere is in conspiracy against the manhood of every iodine of its members. (Emerson). society conspires to make one like the masses and takes away ones ability to be independent. An individual should not give into things like media to tell them how to live and live life on his own terms.Ones belief in self allows the empowerment of the individual. Speak what you think in hard words and tomorrow speak what tomorrow thinks in hard words again, though it nullify everything you day today. (Emerson). If one thinks something he should believe in it even if he believes in something different tomorrow. When one is an individual, he does not have to explain himself to society. The individual must be independent in line of battle to be transcendental. Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist. (Emerson). Society tells individuals who to be, but in order to be individuals they must not give in to societal pressures.They must be crotchety and have their quirks. valet must become a so ciety of individuals to arm forward toward a brighter future. Society inhibits mans ability to be independent. Society puts man at the mercy of other men. Society is a joint-stock company in which every one if its members agree for the better of securing of his bread to each shareholder to surrender the liberty and culture of the eater. (Emerson) One should not allow others to let his fate be at the mercy of others. If one does so, he loses his individual freedom. Society should solely be a mechanism for man. besides loMen have become tools of their tools (Thoreau). Society has transformed from being a mere apparatus of the individual to something that the individual needs. One need not be plentiful in order to be happy. Superfluous wealth can but superfluities only. Money is not required to buy one indispensable of the soul (Thoreau). The individual is told by society that in order to be happy one must have these luxuries, but truly all one needs is simplicity. Individuals m ust not cave into society and instead create their own standards to live by. Transcendentalism should be utilized in all aspects of life.Humanity should follow the path of its own creation. if one advances confidently on the direction of his dreams, and endeavors to live the life which he has imagined will meet with a success unexpected in common hours. (Thoreau). If the individual follows his own path, he will be successful and be able to find success even when surrounded by a sea of gray. Opportunity opposes no one. The setting sun is reflected from the windows of the almshouse as brightly as from the rich mans adobe the snow melts before its door as early in the spring. (Thoreau). The opportunities of the world come equal for all despite superfluities or situation, so the individual should accept his life and progress from there. Man should look inward for his peace of mind. Yet it is certain that the power to produce this delight does not reside in nature, but in man, or in a harmony of both. (Emerson). To happy one cannot solely depend on the world around him. The individual must also depend on himself. Equilibrium between nature and man must be found to transform our way of life and look towards a brighter future.If society were to remain as it is now, the future for humanity looks grave. Unless humanity does something to alter its future, society will end up similar to the one in Fahrenheit 451. Humanity will ultimately become a society of ignorance and dependence. To combat this, man must take these transcendentalist theories and apply its aspects to everyday life. If every man and woman did this and pasted it on to their children, society could be transformed into something magnificent and beneficial for both the current generation and the generations to come.

Chocolate Industry Essay Example for Free

Chocolate Industry EssayThe Chocolate industriousness in the UK has been face up numerous a(prenominal) challenges in recent times. The escalation of outlays of the principal(prenominal) ingrediants much(prenominal) as deep brown, milk and prize has forced companies to increase prices. Customers showed resistance to gameyer prices which prompted shuffles much(prenominal) as Cadbury Masterfoods (Galaxy) to reduce packaging sizes. Concerns among the public regarding fleshiness has also take java companies to bring out smaller sizes of drinking deep brown.A life-size issue facing the pains argon coffee prices hitting a 33% high in 2010 due to increment demands from the chocolate industry and a disappointing crop in the Ivory Coast, an central grower of cocoa. As per Euromonitor reports the total take account of the chocolate grocery has grown by 3% to 5. 4 million from 2009. The main players in the food grocery in UK be Cadbury (owned by Kraft Foods), M ars near. Cadbury as of 2010 accounts for 31% evaluate share in the market. In 2010 acquired Cadbury Plc in January 2010 for ? 11. 5 billion.Cadbury Trebor Bassett (CTB) is the confectionary division of the company, which holds a large gage in the three key confectionery areas sweeten, gum and chocolate. CTBs key brand in the chocolate market is Dairy Milk. This acquisition has seconded Cadbury as rise up as Kraft Foods by increase their economies of outdo as well as bring out much options to customers. Cadbury Ltd operates in both the chocolate and sugar confectionery markets. It manufactures branded confectionery and beverages, including the internationally-successful Cadbury chocolate brand.The company also manufactures dark chocolate under the Bourneville advert, as well as allowing Maynards, Trebor and Basset sugar confectionery. The company owns the chewing gum brand Trident and manufactures the medicated sweet, Halls Soothers. Cadbury chocolate brands in the UK include Dairy Milk, Wispa, Twirl, Twisted, Freddo, Crunchie, Chomp, Bournville, Decker, Boost, Flake, Dream, Time Out, Star Bar, Picnic, Fudge, Snack, Brunch, Curly Wurly, Roses, Creme Egg, Variety and its standalone organic chocolate brand Green Blacks.Cadbury also produces some(prenominal)(prenominal) other items of confectionary and the focus in this project is chocolate. In this project we will look at the competitive pressures facing Cadbury and how it stops the market share draw. Cadbury Ltd registered a turnover of ? 5. 98bn in the year ending 31st December 2009, up from ? 5. 38bn in 2008. In 2009, pre-tax pull in stood at ? 378m, after travel by 5. 5% from ? 400m in 2008. Below is a graph present positions of all key market players FIVE FORCES TOOL.Michael E Porter devised Porters Five Forces scratch as a way for companies to ascertain market attractiveness and emulation with other companies. This ray is non just used by commercial organizations but also by publ ic organizations and not for service companies to understand their customers and suppliers. In the chocolate industry on that point is heavy rivalry due to the presence of several large scale and world renowned market players such as Nestle, Cadbury and Mars. Cadbury among others produces countlines, boxed chocolates and sharing bags as well as blocks and moulded bars.RIVALRY AMONG EXISTING COMPANIES Existing rivalry among market players in an industry is an important part of judging market attractiveness and competition. Cadbury in UK faces competition mainly from Mars and Nestle. These three brands look out on equal market shares in UK and an extra percentage of market share creates big marketing spends, ardent pricing and impudently launches of crossways within the company. In March 2008, Mars acquired the sugar confectionery company Wrigley US, while, in 2010, Kraft Foods completed its acquisition of Cadbury.As per Keynote reports Nestle is expected to buy out US Hershey b rand. Nestle is left with reduced market share after acquisitions of Mars Cadbury. Periods of low market emergence according to Porter (1980) particularly during maturity or decline of crop cycles intensify competition. Competitors take improvement of the saturation of other fruits. With excess production capacity and lesser competition, several players engage in price competition to get higher sales.Cadbury goes head to head with Nestle Mars as other players fuddle fairly smaller market shares and often struggle due to these top companies. According to Hooley et all ( commercialiseing schema and competitive positioning) high exit barriers for a company lead to higher competition as well. If a company is unable to exit a market due to high initial investments, high cost of redundancy (monetary and brotherly) they work harder to get by with other companies.Several companies contrive egotistical as well as psychological reasons for remaining in a market and ensure they stay on top of pluralitys minds as exiting is not an option due to brand history and value.Brands such as Cadbury have incredible media presence covering internet, television, print, etc. Cadbury is a major player on the internet and uses this tool as an advantage over competitors. Newer avenues such as E-markets are intensifying competition and deterring exit of big companies. Competition in the chocolate industry is also increase due to the fact that product differentiation is low. The intrinsic quality and external value of a bar of chocolate is similar therefore competition for sales is increased.Switching costs in terms of price and availability for customers is low as many players have similar varieties of chocolate on offer. Customers may not face difficulty in changing from one brand to another due to such factors and this leads to Cadbury, Nestle and Mars to participate in increased competitiveness for higher market share. According to Hooley et All (Marketing strategy comp etitive positioning) if fixed costs are high thence competitive is intensified. THE THREAT OF MARKET ENTRY The chocolate industry must(prenominal) be prepared for the entrance of young competition.Several factors move allow companies from entering into an industry. The chocolate industry has several companies that hold highest market share however there are also small companies as well as a lot of new entrants. New companies enter the industry if cost of entry is low. Companies with relatively less resources grass break into markets if capital and investment is low. The conductment of large financial resources in wander to compete with established brands quite a little deter new entrants. In the chocolate industry deterrents include lift prices of supplies like cocoa, sugar and milk.The wellness awareness among the public has also led to dropping sales and this poop be a problem for new entrants. Factors distribution channel being accessible for all chocolate companies g ives new companies accessibility to enter the market due to heavy presence to retail outlets. belligerent requital according to Hooley can hinder entrance of new and fairly smaller companies. Big players such as Cadbury can pursue aggressive marketing strategies to combat new companies from taking over. If bigger companies were unable to respond to new companies with competitive retaliation then it would be far easier for companies to enter.The chocolate industry is composed of really few companies as the main players (Cadbury, Kit Kat Nestle) hold highest market shares. These companies have aggressive market strategies and customer loyalty as well. Existing companies have the funds to expand their presence in the market through acquisitions or mergers. For example, in 2003, Cadbury acquired the Natural Confectionery Company, which has since become a well-known product in the sugar confectionery market. Such backstages serve to diversify the market, while introducing more optio ns in terms of products and brands. harvest differentiation can also trigger entry of new companies.The chocolate market is flexible and many different varieties of chocolate can be found. New companies can use this to their advantage by launch specialized products to cater different tastes. In the chocolate industry there are several brands offer niche variety of chocolates whereas the top players are creating extensions similar to what the competitor is providing. Cadbury offers a wide variety of chocolates to compete with Mars Nestle as well as other brands such as Ferrero Rocher, Lindtt Thorntons. Hooley states that when there are gaps in a market new entrants can enter with ease.In highly segmented markets, new entrants can cater to specialized segments of the market as well as newer and experimental audiences. In all industry companies need to understand diversifying interests and requirements of customers or else new entrants can use this opportunity to cater to new tas tes and needs of customers. In the chocolate industry more and more varieties of chocolate are available and there is a demand for different types of chocolates that many specialized and newer brands are approaching giving a lump time to established brands such as Cadbury.THE THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES Every industry including the chocolate industry is jeopardise by substitutes. New companies can come in and revolutionize the market and offer better and more unique substitutes of whatever is already on offer. In the chocolate industry new companies can add better alternatives of existing products by offering cheaper prices and better quality. Product improvements can be made and this makes newer companies gather in an advantage over existing companies. Due to health concerns in UK many customers are shifting to options such as biscuits. BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS.In the chocolate industry suppliers can arrive at power by increasing prices, limiting quality and services. The loco mote prices of Cocoa are forcing many chocolate brands to increase prices or reduce packaging size of chocolates. Bargaining power of suppliers are medium as even the suppliers require these brands to buy. The cocoa industry depends on the confectionary industry. However to combat the high prices Cadbury is reduce. ng packaging of sizes. The price of cocoa is consistently rising and the market is very vaporific BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS The other side of coercive suppliers are powerful buyers.Buyers today are expecting better quality and cheaper prices. Since chocolate is a standardized product buyers can choose between many brands and switching costs are low. Brands such as Cadbury and Nestle are following customer demands such as creating healthy alternatives as well as accommodate their requirements in terms of flavours, types of chocolate, etc. Due to recession in the UK many people prefer to remain at home and Cadbury is creating Nights in options such as chocolate sharing bags. Bargaining power of buyers is high as they have the option to switch to several options.GENERIC STRATEGY OPTIONS According to Porter, a company can outperform other companies in a competitive arena through 1. Cost leadership 2. Differentiation 3. Focus As of 2009 Cadbury UK ltd stiff market leader in chocolate confectionary accounting for 31% in value sales. With new product developments and extensions Cadbury hopes to woo new customers. With the putsch by Kraft Foods Cadbury is benefitted by widespread distribution and larger economies of scale COST LEADERSHIP Cadbury is not a cost leader in the market however follows competitive pricing along with Mars Nestle.Due to cocoa prices rising they are increasing prices or reducing package sizes yet maintaining almost similar prices so no one can gain competitive price advantage. In October 2010, The Grocer revealed that Cadbury and Nestle were to increase their recommended retail prices by up to 7% across some of their most popu lar lines, including Dairy Milk, Wispa and Yorkie. Rising commodity prices led to a 3 pence (p) price increase on standard Cadbury Dairy Milk bars in October a 30% increase on 2007 taking the retail price of the chocolate bar to 56p. eminence Cadbury provides similar products to its competitors therefore differentiation is hard to achieve. Cadburys Diary Milk however is their best interchange chocolate and is a plain chocolate. A similar product cannot be found in competitiors. Cadbury however is known for its unique taste and therefore offers differentiation as competitors cannot imitate the same taste. FOCUS combative advantage can be gained if Cadbury focuses on target groups. As per consumer research volumes of chocolate consumed are falling however the same amounts of people are eating chocolate.Several factors such as negative health effects of chocolate and the concept of staying in due to recession are deterring consumers from consuming chocolate. Cadburys responded to t he increasing concern over unhealthy ingredients with the acquisition of the Natural Confectionery Company, which manufactures sweets without artificial colouring or flavourings. Cadbury can capitalise on captive audiences staying in at home with chocolate sharing bags and boxes such as Buttons Roses. Nestle is known to have partnered with Empire magazines dvd rental service to gain advantage over this stay at home audience.Cadbury also needs to focus on wide-cut sourcing as people in the UK are expecting companies to conduct business in a well-disposedly responsible for(p) manner. Cadbury is a supporter of sustainable cocoa farming and in aim to appeal to global audiences they entered into Fair barter. To sum up focus can be on health concerns, ethical sourcing and corporal responsibility as well as seasonal demand during Christmas , Easter, ETC. Cadbury among its competitors also leads in brand extensions, the revival of Wispa is an important example. Competitors chance i t comes in the way of original brand sales however Cadbury found success.RESOURCE BASED bet According to the resource based view companies can achieve high performance through their actual resources. This view bases success of a company on its assets and capabilities which help to create competitive advantage. As per the resource based theory competitive edge can be found if companies possess the following characteristics value, rarity, inimitability and non-substitutability (VRIN MODEL). Resources are further classified into tangible and intangible assets. Intangible Resources for Cadbury are 1. Brand Name The brand disclose Cadbury is very renowned.Krafts takeover has helped Kraft more than it has for Cadbury. Cadbury is an easily recognized brand name and is the market share leader in the UK. 2. study Cadbury has a very good reputation among buyers in the UK. In 2010 Cadbury became Fairtrade and also follows ethical sourcing of cocoa which has helped enhance its image. Cadbur ys history goes beyond 150 age and is considered a top brand. 3. Country of Origin Country of origin is also an asset and in the compositors case of Cadbury, the COO is UK. The COO is a method of evaluation for quality.Customers except a lot more when a brand originates from certain countries. 4. Market Domination Cadbury has an additional asset of market domination. As of 2010 as per Euromonitor reports, Cadbury leads market share in the UK accounting for 31% value share in UK. The Kraft takeover has entirely helped in increasing the dominance of Cadbury due to increased distribution meshings and extensive economies of scale. Following the Kraft takeover in February 2010, sales of Cadburys Dairy Milk were up 12. 8% and Cadburys overall chocolate confectionery business grew by 5%.Although Krafts chocolate sales rose quick in percentage terms, at 7. 5% for the 52 weeks ending 30th October 2010, this was the result of increased distribution. Cadburys acquisition has helped Kraft Foods. Supply chain assets such as a strong distribution network and good relationship with suppliers (cocoa, milk sugar) are also a strong asset for Cadbury. Cadbury is available at all retail outlets and due to its ethical sourcing objectives and fair-trade association it shares a good relationship with suppliers despite the volatile price environment.Other strong intangible assets for Cadbury include its existing large customer base, glowing corporate culture and production expertise. Tangible assets for Cadbury are factory and equipment as well as exchange/cash equivalents. Below is a table listing assets of Cadbury on a Likert scale. Rated from 1 to 5 (5 being the highest) impalpable ASSETS Resources Value Rarity Inimitability Non Substitutability Brand Name 5 5 5 5 Reputation 5 4 3 Country of Origin 5 3 3 3 Market Domination 5 3 3 3 Supply Chain Assets 5 3 3 3.To gain competitive advantage, capabilities of a firm should also be taken into consideration. According to Hooley , processes that deploy assets are capabilities. Several marketing capabilities should be included such as robust advertising and forwarding strategies, distribution capabilities, pricing etc. The following capabilities can apply to Cadbury * Advertising Promotions Effective communications can take place through advertising, public relations, direct marketing, etc. Cadbury also launched a ? 50m advertising propose in 2010 as part of its official sponsorship of the London 2012.In recent time Cadbury has received good PR for becoming a fairtrade product. On 28th February 2011, the company began its Fairtrade Fortnight, after Cadbury announced that it intend to donate 20% of total sales from its fairtrade products to charity in order to fund a design that would give Ghanaian cocoa sodbusters solar panels. Examples of such good PR and great advertising campaigns help in Cadburys aim to gain competitive advantage. * Distribution capability Distribution capability is a capability for Cadbury as it is available in all grocery stores including large scale retailers such as Tesco, Sainsbury Asda.* Product developments Cadburys newest innovations and brand extensions such as Diary Milk bliss (vanilla cream centre, extension of Diary Milk) are capabilities that help Cadbury achieve competitive advantage. Cadbury has also reintroduced Wispa which has been a big seller. During seasonal and sunny times Cadbury innovates and brings out products that it is renowned for. Cadburys seasonal range offering new product innovations, such as Caramel Bunnies and Creme eggs are a popular choice that set it apart from competitors. CADBURYS RELATIONSHIPSCadbury maintains a good relationship with its customers through effective marketing and PR tools such as social marketing and their website. Cadbury also has a good relationship with its suppliers, In order to achieve corporate social responsibility they have gone fairtrade and continue to support ethical farming of supplies such as cocoa. In 2011 cadbury donated one fifth of its profits from all fair trade certified products sold during fair trade fortnight (28th feb-13th march) to fund solar power projects in Ghanas cocoa farming communities. directly sales of Cadburys Dairy Milk have resulted in 2.3 million pounds of fairtrade premium pay to Kuapa Kokoo, a fairtrade cooperative for farmers. Cadbury has pledged to invest 45 million pounds over 10 years to conceptive sustainable future of cocoa farming in Ghana, India, South East Asia and the Caribbean. Cadbury has also invested in farmer education and also reducing its carbon footprint. Cadbury also save ups a good relationship with its distribution channels such as retail outlets like Tesco Asda. Relationships with the media, consumers, suppliers and distributors are the most important relationships for Cadbury.RECOMMENDATION Chocolate remains by far the largest sector of the confectionery market, with sales rising by 17% over the 5 years, compared to the sugar confectionery market which grew by just 6. 3% over the same period. This was principally start to the continued popularity of chocolate products and the rising retail price of confectionery. Countering highly competitive environment through differentiating your product and providing something different from competitors. A tough marketing strategy should be created to help increase value of the product among customers.This creates higher entry barriers for new market players and despite industry growth, market share and costs of supply a brand can cement its own and undisputable position. If product cycle reaches decline then the brand should work to reinvent the product. Cadbury at present is the market leader and with the association with Kraft they can benefit from synergistic strategies. The past few years have also seen concerns regarding the ethical sourcing and production of confectionery products escalate.As a result, organic and fairtrade ingredients have becom e more widely used in confectionery. Cadbury has created a good name for itself by going fairtrade and must continue to produce in ethical ways. In order to maintain competitive advantage Cadbury must continue to analyse market trends such as healthy eating, staying in and sharing as well as the publics interest in corporate responsibility. As per keynote reports the price of cocoa and sugar has increased dramatically over the 5-year review period, which is likely to have an adverse affect on the chocolate confectionery sector.Although some companies maintained a good level of ingredient stocks in 2010, the rising cost of commodities, coupled with the increase in value added tax (VAT) in January,is likely to have a more noticeable effect on the industry in 2011. In the UK, the confectionery market continues to enjoy a high level of consumer penetration, with nearly ball club out of ten adults purchasing chocolate bars or similar products on a rule-governed or semi-regular basis. However, the markets large size, its abundance of products and the dominance of well-known brands such as Cadbury.In response to economic downturns and the escalating prices of supplies, Cadbury should respond by producing budget and value items. In a response to escalating cocoa prices Cadbury has responded by not passing price increases onto customers by reducing the size of its products. In February 2011, Cadbury reduced its one hundred forty gram (g) bar of Dairy Milk to 120g (removing two squares), but kept the price the same. Cadbury in order to maintain competitive advantage must continue to offer the customer value through its resources, write the prices low as well as keep innovating and providing newer products.Another strength Cadbury should concentrate is on to keep focussing on key brands such as Dairy Milk. To have an advantage over competitors Cadbury must continue to follow market trends.REFERENCING Euromonitor reports Hooley, G. , Piercy, N. F. , and Nicoulaud, B. (2008) Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning, 4th Ed. , Harlow FT Prentice-Hall Keynote reports Mintel reports Porter, M. E. (1980c) Competitive Strategy, New York Free Press Porter, M. E. (1980b) How competitive forces shape strategy, McKinsey Quarterly, Spring, No. 2, pp. 34-50 www. cadbury. co. uk.