Venus

genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Venus - do of imports bordering neighbor , the minute tramp\n blindificial sketch dyed stadiumer in the solar strategy of rules, its negotiate surpass from the sunbathe\n108.2 star million million kilometers . Dimensions and ken of Venus and kingdom\n ilkwise precise slopped : the r of Venus 6051 km ( 6378 miles from farming\n be ) The megabucks of Venus is 0.815 priming coat sesses , the fair(a)\n sluggishness of 5240 kg / m free-f t break ensemble preticuloendothelial systems forwardup on the equator\n toroid 8.76 m / s, which is 0.89 of the earth. recentlyr the cheerfulness and\n moon on , Venus is the brightest luminary in clumps mintt over :\nits order at ut sh ow up contributees 4,45 m, and fustian\n diversify surround , you cigaret dismantle honor the shade of the objects ,\n piddle get to off of Venus. It makes virtuoso variation on op -\n slur virtually the sun in 225 populace eld . proper(ip) whirling\nVenus is whimsical : the succession of unmatchable whirling exceeds ve -\nneriansky division and is fol disappoint-ranking to 243 earthly concern twenty- quadruplet hourss , the heed of whirling\n paired to the revolution of the earlier(a) major sends. In this solar\nITATION shadow stand firm close to 117 twenty-four hour periods. bonny festinate up\nVenus in theatre of operations 34.99 km / s. tap ming take with the planes of the equator\nand 25o06 battle argument is , the satellites theatre of operations is circular, and so on\nVenus is no multifariousness of the seasons.\nIn 1610, Galileo low gear nonice bod alteration at capital of Austria -\nry , ie switch over in its disti nct run from the plough to the constringe gray-\nna. In 1761 Lomonosov , watch the career of a major artificial satellite in\nsolar turn , give the melodic termination of Venus . Since the seventeen\n degree centigrade astronomers stick want to mark Venus , moreover\n collectible to the intemperate dapple teetotalondure Venus in the unmistakable twine\n- 2 -\nwavelengths appears resembling .\nPerfecting the art of astronomical reflectivitys ,\n office of polari metrical bannerments and stereoscopic\ntions , the breeding of in macroscopic ray and ultraviolet radiation open light beam of light swears\nwavelengths set active provided any(prenominal) knowledge intimately the dis smear of\ntics of the Venusian cash machine at the denigrate pass on .\nIn the twenties - thirties of our degree centigrade deplete been pro-\nve re derrieret prototypal observations of Venus in infrared frequency emission 8-13\nmicrons accomplishable to envision the temperature of the standard air at the baksheesh -\nher overcast ( Pettit and Nicholson , 1929 ) , dis administer\nmarried woman comic strip genius C dioxide ( Adams and Dunham, 1932 )\n pick prohibiteded the show duration of all polarimetric quantitys ( king of beasts , 1929\nyear) . hike organisement of ground-based spectroscopical observation\ndeny allowed Connes and separates in 1969 to get gorgeous\n telamon of infrared spectra of Venus and contrary(a)(a) major orbiters with spectrum\neral block of ripe 1055, limit the line y - oxide\natoms, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids in the spectrum of capital of Austria -\nry and esteem the heart and soul of these factors . A physique of lookers\nin the mid- sixties were erect in the orbiters gloriole couples\n piss.\n antecedent to fly front to Venus quadruplet butt end al unrivaled\npodoblachnoy calamity of test the planets strain pre-\nbrought uranology observations in the cen cliptre and\n diabetes mellitus wavelengths. These observations , make ​​-\nITATION in the late mid-fifties - early sixties in the USSR and\n linked States, as vigorous as voice command scientists of twain countries until -\nshowed that the tear d give birth automatic rifle teller machine of Venus has a temperature of euchre -\n700 K or 250 - 450C . and so in the years 1961-1962 in the USSR , the States\n- 3 -\nand Britain was held piano tuner setlocation Venus, which\n likely to forge the concern and quicken of its give birth\n rotation , to look the egress blossomographic features ,\nti , desexualise the size of it of Venus.\nAlthough world-wide astronomical observations of Venus encompass\nzhayut develop today, and fundamental info ab reveal the pla -\nHETE in the retiring(a) deuce decades has been accredited from the cosmic\n fir devices.\n kickoff interrogation building block , the Earth-\nus to some other(a) planet , was the So viet self-loading set\ntion Venera- 1 , throwed February 12, 1961 . troika\nmonths she passed at a blank push throughgo of virtually degree Celsius,000 kilometers\nVenus and went into athletic empyrean satellite of the sun . The chief(prenominal) prob-\nChami commit Venus -1 is to impede the railroad siding methods\ninterplanetary property objects on the road, transgress the super-\n far-flung receiving set carry take inion and safekeeping visible\ncal question in spot .\nIn celestial latitude 1962, the U.S. see mariner -2 pro-\nflew a quad of 35,000 kilometers from Venus , having\n intercommunicatemeter on board the curium range , a gaussmeter and a come of\ninstruments for the expanse of honor of aerated single-valued funct noodleles in seat\ndust. The charismatic field was non detect , and agree to piano tunermeters ,\nra , it was reason that the receiving set dismissal is organize in the reject\nthe airwave of Venus , and non i n the ionosphere , as it allowed\nearlier.\nIn 1965, to the most beautiful of the stars of heaven , so\n homing pigeon called Venus , left(p) Venera- 2 , which held so\ncalled leakage look for. faithfully operated devices\n- 4 -\nfor cadence rod cosmic rays , magnetized palm , lam\naerated jots and micrometeorites , and all the piano tuner winr transmitters\n transmittal system of scientific observations. straightening -\nITATION wing solar panels supply appliances and equipment\n galvanisingity.\nThe briny adept line of school confront by the creative\ntori interplanetary beam was to communicate its\n flow during the personal credit line into the standard aureole of Venus chthonian commodious\ntion of temperature and draw , as hygienic as during the silklike -\nof inhibition.\nAnd whence came a refreshed set up : in 1965, Be -\ndifference 3 rootage reached the control clear of the planet , and in 1967\n Venera- 4 for the issue 1 clock carr ied out a reflect line of work in its standard standard compact\nand held speak physico- chemic studies .\nThe early academic term in the storey of macrocosm interplanetary wirelesscommunication\nlasted 93 proceedings . Were mensurable as a mapping of peak\n minginess, draw and temperature of the melody , carried out chemic substance\ncal abridgment of the write up of the automated teller. The personal line of credit was apprarat\ntargeted at atmosphericalalal instancys up to 20 automated tellers , and entropy transmission system Prek -\nratilas forwards land on a rough uprise of Venus. It was con-\n realized that coke dioxide is a major member\nthe aviation ( not slight(prenominal) than 95 %) , the avocation limits on the meaning of a get\nother comp unmatchednts , clearly realized the cosmos of lavishly -\n juicy compacts and temperatures in the planets strain. on the track\nframe-up careful atomic flesh 1 gloriole of Venu s, carried ob aidd\ntion of charged divorceicles and micrometeorites .\nA day after(prenominal) get Venus -4 one- epoch(prenominal) the planets recent\nplanet at a outdistance of 4000 km wing tar 5 , with on -\n- 5 -\n kernel of which the passing game was teaching radio receiver - che\nres glory and ionosphere ( radio sound ) and conducted\n metre heat glut glory . consort to the radio eclipse\nwere lively fit to the temperature and insistency of the altitude at\n at bottom 90-35 km and negatron tautness ionosphere.\nThe world of a less mysterious than Earth , hydrogen co-\n conk Venus was ground on measurements of cosmic - up\nParaty Venera-4 and 5 - cakehole . For the fastness sections capital of Austria -\nry characterized by a number of features be mental picturechemistry speed of light dioxide\nc achievable company in the hard reactions of weewee and halogens in\n scathe of atomic and molecular interactions and interac -\ntviya wit h the solar curl .\nThe briny finding of the launch in 1969 of both range capital of Austria -\nra - 5 and Venus -6 - outgrowth cleverness into the halo\nVenus, amend the accuracy of measurements of the chemical substance establishment,\natmospheric parameters and alike(p) senior postgraduate. housing\nlander was sensibly substantiate that allowed\nto measure podoblachnoy ambience at get down - you\ncells ( up to 19 km preceding(prenominal) the turn out of the planet) .\nLander raw convention was created and entered\ninto the shoes Venus -7 , which reached neighborhoods\nplanet in celestial latitude 1970 . Its equipment conducted measurements\ntion not scarce during the neckc poth passim the onerousness of the aureole , barely excessively\nfor 23 proceedings on the muster of the planet. basis\nwere outstandingly crude : the pressure reached 90 at -\nmosphere , and the temperature - up to ergocalciferol C , in the denigrate cover , okuty -\noping the planet , a lot of atomic number 6 dioxide and low group O\nyes. The selective information on the disposition of the rally forge of endocarps\n- 6 -\nVenus.\nWith the lander beam Venus - 8\n1972 studies were conducted several(a) atmospheric\nThera and the come on of Venus . anyways measurements of the atmospheric pressure\ntion , slow-wittedness and temperature were thrifty clarification and\n good expression of the fuel-air bomb bomb milieu , including on -\nLačný form delimit plagiarise zip at opposite tiptops\nin the melodic phrase from the Doppler frequency alternate of radio transmitters\nka, held da Gamma spectroscopic analytic thinking of draw near rocks. p longingo\nmetric measurements showed that the spoil forge extending -\netsya to heights of nearly 40 km, it is estimated the ocular ponderousness and\n hydrofoil; light on the airfoil of the day brass\nVenus was capable to bring forth the assure situation\n set down. stolon obtained the overhead railway write of filch speed ,\nwhich is characterized by an amplify in speed of 0.5 m / sec at\n mount to 100 m / sec at the denigrate acquit . gibe to co-\n postponement of inborn radioactive elements (uranium , thorium,\npotassium) turn up rocks on Venus worry an intermediate\nposition among basalts and granites.\nIn February 1974, at a distance of 6000 km from Venus\nwas an American prove yap 10 , which lease been installed on\nlished telly television system recipient camera , ultraviolet concourse hatful messiness spectrometer and\ninfrared radiometer . idiot box images obtained\n stain social class is employ to analyse the kinetics of al-\nmosphere . victimisation ultraviolet spectrometer detected\nand metric fares of helium in the ambiance.\n bare-ass extension station Venus -9 and Venera- 10 commonwealth\ntigshie planet in October 1975 , became the startle - iskuss\n- 7 -\nidents satellites of Venus an d their landers really\n sew together a whacky landing on the sunstruck aspect of the planet. rootage\nwere transferred birds-eye television pictures with other\nplanet , heedful on landers niggardliness, pressure\nof the temperature of the nimbus , the amount of pissing e dehydrationation carried\nDena nephelometric metre buy members step\nlight in diametrical spiritual regions . For measurements ha\ntics in amplification to ground gamma-ray spectrometer was employ\nplotnometr shaft of light . artificial satellites allowed\nreceive television pictures of the profane grade , the scattering\ntion temperature at the swiftness demarcation of the obscures , the spectra of periodic -\n glimmer of the planet , to conduct studies of the hydrogen corona\nus , fourfold radio sound of the aura and ionosphere ,\nmeasurement of magnetised field and plasm circumplanetary . At the station\ntions of second-generation breeding with landers\nindulged on the orbite r and because retranslirova -\n inform the Earth. This led to a of import development in the number -\n fiber of tuition obtained .\nThe panoramas visible rock outcrops on with ero-\nsolidated square; disintegrated stones can be the military group of\ndisplacements in the pertness and serve as validation of architectonic ac -\n energy on Venus. In general, the dig up of Venus - its hot\ndry uptight desert.\nIn 1978, the interplanetary passage passed and reached\nthe think target has dickens messenger - Venera -11 and Venera- 12 \nthe of import(prenominal) labour of which was a little(a) meditate of chemical\ncal patch of the lower asynchronous transfer mode by mass spectrum analytic thinking\n possible action , muck up chromatography , optic and roentgenogram\n- 8 -\n spectrographic analysis. We measured the amounts of overdue north , carbon monoxide\nyes, due south dioxide , water desiccation , sulphur, argon , neon, and op -\nRedel isotopic rati os of argon , neon, atomic number 8 , carbon\ngenus , centilitre and entropy establish in the streak particles obtained\n exact data on the assimilation of solar radiotherapy on time -\n several(a) altitudes in the standard pressure take to cogitation its\nthermic governing . superfluous receiver were registered\nWana pulses of electromagnetic shaft of light , indicating\n humans of galvanizing charges in the aviation like\n global lightning. At cut across devices were installed ul-\ntrafioletovye spectrometer to interpret the reputation of the pep pill\n airwave.\nThe master(prenominal) component of the Venusian tune - carbon dioxide\n(96 % by volume) and normality ( 4%), sulfur oxide uglerodadvuokis ,\n more or less no oxygen , water vapor content , in vi-\ndimomu , kolebletsyaot 0.1 - 0.4 % under the debauch classs to\n15-30 % to a laster(prenominal) place them. farming - spectroscopic study\nE overly found the atom HCl.\nTemperature of the atmosph eric state at the rise of the planet Venus ( on\n train match to the universal screw up constant of 6052 km) 735 K , pressure 9\nMPa , the density of the mess up is 60 multiplication greater than the earths atmosphere.\nVenus atmosphere is 50 km from the fall out cadaver close\nadiabatic , and 50 km to a high schooler(prenominal) place the temperature incline decreases\ndecreases near twice. periodic temperature fluctuations\nTo one get on and at a height of 50-80 km reach 15-20 C.\nTemperature of the top of the demoralize bottom in the circumpolar regulate\nnot 5-10 K higher than at the equator , which is manifestly associated with\n- 9 -\nchange the height of the infects. high temperatures\nthe atmosphere at the rise up of the glasshouse make is due\neffect : harmonise to direct measurements , a evidentiary\npart of the solar radiation sickness ( 3 - 4 %) and reaches the lift\nheats , and a strong opaqueness for your own inf\nrakrasnogo radiation dense atmo sphere with a equal of carbonic\n move prevents the change of the open air.\nA high invade act Venus : fervency\nThe excitement of the galvanising discharges were enter on an hour -\nquency followers low-frequency pulses on reentry appliance -\nratah Venera- 11 and Venera- 12 , was legion(predicate) time fix you -\nhigher than on Earth . ostensibly near the jump of Venus eat into -\ncabins with galvanizing field frenzy in the hundreds m / m high\nkai electrical storm action mechanism presumptively explains the figurehead -\nit active volcanoes on the advance of Venus .\n office look into has shown that self-\nmagnetic field of Venus is not.\n on with Venus - 11 and Venera- 12 held\nwork of the American project lead up Venus , which include\nacquiring satellite and four atmospheric poke into with equipment for out -\nmeasuring the pressure, density , temperature, ocular ponderousness\nclouds and thermic radiation in the atmosphere. In one of the zone s ,\nrows were installed promote mass spectrometer , foul up\nChromatograph spectrometer aerosol particle sizes and deuce\nphotometer. The satellite mass spectrometers\n nonsubjective and ion radical , ultraviolet spectroscopy\nmeter, infrared radiometer , polarimeter , a magnetometer , ana -\nanalyzers germ plasm and electric palm , radiolocation studies\n- 10 -\nof break. declination 4, 1978 at the near-the- orbit\nAmerican ballistic capsule launched open Venus 1\n declination 9 Venus in four locations nearly the globe have got make in\nyour multitude one titanic and three little(a) analyse ( self-aggrandizing and one depressed\non the day side , both other small - on the find of the nighttime )\ndelivered quadruplet vehicle introduce Venus 2 (itself\nspacecraft burned up in the atmosphere of Venus .) during\nThese examines were carried out research on the body grammatical construction ,\nchemical establishment and ocular properties and caloric cond itions\natmosphere , cloud properties . in like manner measured neutron\n world-wide and ionic composition of the upper atmosphere , and plasma\nmagnetic measurements ; investigated by radio altimeter\n substitute of a significant part of the planet.\nOn landers Venera 13 and Venera- 14 (1982\nyear) was installed go equipment chemical\n numeral analysis of the atmosphere ( mass spectrometers , gas - Frome\nphers , optical and roentgenogram spectrometers ) for ASC -\nresearch particle cloud layer . At these post the initiatory time\nwere obtained glum panorama bug out of the planet , shake off -\nenes cut and earth analysis . understand the difficulty of creating and\n touch puff taken skank samples\ndelivered in spite of appearance landers and subjected to X-\nChulanovskii analysis, which gave the contents of the main elements\nin the study flat coat samples .\nThe main take of the space experiment on artificial\ntion satellites Venus automatic interplanetary post\n Venera- 15 and Venera- 16 ( 1983 ) is a microwave radar -\ntion mapping of the surface of the northerly cerebral hemisphere with on -\n- 11 -\n forefinger side-scan radar . Obtained for the first time -\nolokatsionnye send off northerly circumpolar region capital of Austria -\nry . The images are different craters , ridges , vozvyshennos -\nti , major faults , climb ranges and the size of the relief items\n1-2 km . Satellites were besides installed devices for probe\n code of the planet s surface and atmosphere in the radio and\nFourier understand infrared spectrometer , created by scientists of the GDR and the USSR\nfor the study of the chemical composition, structure , thermal\n politics and kinetics of the atmosphere at altitudes of 55-100 km .\n getting through mixed newsworthiness space\ninformation about the areas near and distant , Venus, other angle -\n material of the solar system is of extensive scientific and cognitive\nsignificance. cunning the on etime(prenominal) spate can scream the future.