Should the Chinese Government Ban the Internet Censorship?

Qing Yuan ESL114 Section G Ryan Salvador May 3, 2012 Should the Chinese government ban the internet censorship? Since the birth of internet, people have been bombarded with different kind of information every day. Internet is a network that connects the data of different private computer networks and organizational computer groups from people or organizations around the world (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). As a result, people are looking forward to having access to any kind of websites of their interest, and receiving the latest information about what is happening around their countries or around the world.However, things cannot be as perfect as expected. It is noticed by many people that many countries have set barriers to the internet in their own areas. China, which has the largest population of web users among the world, has created the most advanced surveillance system for internet monitoring (Rohde, 2011). The system is known as â€Å"Great Firewall†Ã¢â‚¬â€also called â €Å"the Golden Shield Project†, and is designed to sift out pornography and commercial frauds, but simultaneously blocks certain search terms for the government’s own purposes (McDonald, 2012).However, nobody is satisfied to be a frog in a well which can only perceive scenario above the wellhead but nothing beyond. So the internet censorship has provoked a fierce controversy in the society. Many people including some groups of experts argue for humans’ equal rights to know true and latest resources of information around them. The Chinese government should no longer conduct their censorship program because every person has the right and freedom to know what is going on around them.If the Chinese government insists on this project, people would be trapped in a vicious cycle because the continuity of information blocks would affect the next generation which doubles its effect on people’s ignorance and it would do nothing but fool its own people. First, in Ch ina, people’s words online are carefully inspected which means people do not have the freedom to say what they want, but rather only what are permitted by the Chinese government.According to a study by the Language Technologies Institute at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, more than 16 percent of all messages which are posted by web users in China are considered â€Å"unqualified† and get deleted (McDonald, 2012). The Chinese government explained to the media that the â€Å"Great Firewall† sifted out words or names that it evaluates as politically odorous. However, due to the matter of fact, it is not that reasonable, but rather private contains emotions of the government.For example, Sina Weibo, a most popular micro blogging site in China whose users surpassed 300 million, is required to inspect those bloggers whose have more than 100,000 followers (McDonald, 2012). If there are any posts that disobey the government’s rules must be deleted withi n five minutes. â€Å"295 terms with a high probability of being censored,† said the Carnegie Mellon team. So words like â€Å"Tibet†, â€Å"Dalai Lama†, â€Å"Ai Weiwei† (outspoken artist), â€Å"Liu Xiaobo† (imprisoned Nobel laureate), and even â€Å"Egypt†, â€Å"Jon Huntsman† (the former American ambassador), and â€Å"Playboy† (the magazine), etc. are banned (McDonald, 2012).As a result, some people have invented some subversive lexicons to refer to the words prohibited such as using â€Å"grass-mud horse† to replace a four-letter word of obscenity, using â€Å"river crab† to replace â€Å"harmony† which is also banned because it was used to refer to websites deletion by the government, and using phrase â€Å"Buying soy sauce† to indicate someone who is involved in scandals like embezzlement and bribery. The phrase â€Å"Buying soy sauce† came from the mouth of a government official who w as involved in a political scandal and wanted to show his innocence through the TV interview (McDonald, 2012).So if the government insists on such obvious and self-deceiving procedures, people would finally uncover the truth and thus lose trust in the government because many insightful people like who use VPN to â€Å"scale the wall (also a subversive word which means to browse foreign websites)† and have known some truth of some political issues or more people who are studying abroad where has no such internet-defending programs know the truth as well. Maybe this kind of methods worked before, but it would not work anymore as people are familiar and proficient in computer science.If the government stops their unacceptable programs right now, the status of the society will be much more stable, or the controversial would be more serious and finally trigger something unimaginable. Second, the Chinese government censors some websites which are considered vicious and unbeneficial to them, so they block websites just because they are not in government’s whitelist. In 2009, The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology posted new regulations on domain management institutions and internet services providers because them want to have a deeper control over domain name registration (Hornby and Le, 2009).The Chinese government explained this is beneficial for an on-going anti-pornography program by creating a list of so called â€Å"whitelist. † However, this policy did not mention the treatment of overseas websites. In fact, foreign sites that have not registered could also be blocked such as Google's YouTube, Twitter, Flickr and Facebook. The reason is these sites are thought politically sensitive and containing unreasonable schemes by the Chinese government (Hornby and Le, 2009).However, as many web users who used VPN to get access to foreign websites have already known that the websites such as Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter are highly reco gnized in the U. S. Many popular stars like NBA players often update their newest progress in preparing for the play-off on Twitter, which is often referred to as a trustworthy resource by sports channels like ABC and ESPN. Also, YouTube is even a normal educational tool in some world-famous universities as its sources are updated frequently and carefully (Hornby and Le, 2009).Many of the videos like the videos on cultural diversities and new-born social phenomena etc. are authoritative. They are often in the forms of a real interview with famous experts in the places where the issues happened like the case of Trayvon Martin, people can find many videos on YouTube which are interviews hold by some sociologists. As a result, blocking websites that the Chinese government considered vicious is detrimental to people’s development in learning advanced thoughts and real educational resources from foreign countries some of which are recognized as much more better in high-level educa tion than that of China.If the government continues to do things arbitrarily like this, people would lose trust in their government because they do have the ability to consider what kind of information is true and what kind of information is of plot. In conclusion, the Chinese government should stop their internet censorship because it really affects people’s common lives both in freedom of communication and education. The importance of relieve the inspection on internet is obvious and necessary. If the Chinese government moderates the censorship, people can obtain easier access to foreign resources.As people’s educational levels are higher and higher along with the rapidly-developing status of China’s economy, people are getting more insightful in absorbing more advanced technologies and methods. For instance, teachers can use foreign websites such as YouTube which has huge amount of authoritative resources in college education. Many people have realized that s tudents in China’s colleges know little about realities about some big issues around the world and also have big obstacles in English skills which are not beneficial to students’ development.Also, if students get such progress in education, there will be more opportunities for them to get jobs abroad which can not only enhance Chinese people’s skills in international business but also relieve the pressure in competition for jobs. Finally, stopping the internet censorship helps the Chinese government to win people’s trust and is also educationally, economically beneficial to a large number of Chinese people. References: Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (n. d. ). Internet. Retrieved from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/internet Hornby L. and Le, Y. 2009, December 22). China to require internet domain name registration. Retrieved from http://www. reuters. com/article/2009/12/22/us-china-internet-idUSTRE5BL19620091222 McDonald, M. (2012, March 13). Wat ch your language! (in china, they really do). New York Times. Retrieved from http://rendezvous. blogs. nytimes. com/2012/03/13/watch-your-language-and-in-china-they-do/? ref=internetcensorship Rohde, D. (2011, November 18). China’s newest export: Internet censorship. Retrieved from http://blogs. reuters. com/david-rohde/2011/11/17/chinas-newest-export-internet-censorship/

Seven Eleven Case

http://zh. scribd. com/doc/45901851/Study-Questions-2 Questions 1. A CONVENIENCE STORE CHAIN ATTEMPTS TO BE RESPONSIVE AND PROVIDECUSTOMERS WHAT THEY NEED, WHEN THEY NEED IT, WHERE THEY NEED IT. WHAT ARESOME DIFFERENT WAYS THAT A CONVENIENCE STORE SUPPLY CHAIN CAN BERESPONSIVE? WHAT ARE SOME RISKS IN EACH CASE? 1. 1 As responsiveness increases, the convenience store chain is exposed to greater uncertainty. A convenience store chain can improve responsiveness to this uncertainty using one of the following strategies, especially for fresh and fast foods:Local Capacity. The convenience store chain can provide local cooking capacity at the stores and assemble foods almost on demand. Inventory would be stored as raw material. This is seen at the U. S. fast-food restaurant franchise Subway where dinner and lunch sandwiches are assembled on demand. The main risk with this approach is that capacity is decentralized, leading to poorer utilization. Local Inventory. Another approach is to have all inventory available at the store at all times. This allows for the centralization of cooking capacity.The main risk is obsolete inventory and the need for extra space. Rapid Replenishment. Another approach is to set up rapid replenishment and supply the stores with what they need when they need it. This allows for centralization of cooking capacity and low levels of inventory, but increases the cost of replenishment and receiving. 1. 2 As responsiveness increases, the convenience store chain is exposed to greater uncertainty. A convenience store chain can improve responsiveness to this uncertainty using one of the following strategies, especially for fresh and fast foods:1. Local Capacity.The convenience store chain can provide local cooking capacity at the stores and assemble foods almost on demand. Inventory would be stored as raw material. This is seen at the U. S. fast-food restaurant franchise Subway where dinner and lunch sandwiches are assembled on demand. The main risk w ith this approach is that capacity is decentralized, leading to poorer utilization. 2. Local Inventory Another approach is to have all inventory available at the store at all times. This allows for the centralization of cooking capacity. The main risk is obsolete inventory and the need for extra space. . Rapid Replenishment Another approach is to set up rapid replenishment and supply the stores with what they need when they need it. This allows for centralization of cooking capacity and low levels of inventory, but increases the cost of replenishment and receiving. From the case study, Seven-eleven Japan Co. had provided their customers a variety of service that is difference responsive way from usual convenience store concept. 1. 7dream. comSeven-Eleven Japan established an e-commerce company which their customer can choose the product at home and pick the product at the store.Because from the survey, 92% of its customers preferred to pick up their online purchase at the local conv enience store rather than have them delivered at home. Since Seven-Eleven Japan have the distribution system that conforms with these drop and pick up system. So Seven-Eleven serve as drop-off and collection points for Japanese people. Instead of providing customers at that time the need is happen, the customers can choose the product at home and then pick up the product later at the store.The risk of this case is normally Seven-Eleven Japan established this system as a way to derive benefit from the existing distribution system. If in the future this system is popular among the Japanese, the capacity of the existing distribution system may not be enough to serve the customers such as a space to storage the goods waiting for customers to pick up (the store in Japan is smaller than other country)2. In-Store Payment Instead of selling household goods, food and groceries, a convenience store can be responsive as a payment spot.Seven-Eleven Japan add a variety of services that customers can obtain at its stores for example an in-store payment of Tokyo Electric Power bills, gas, insurance premiums, and telephone. In order to attracted millions of additional customers every year and take advantage of opening hour and number of stores to service customer. The risk of this case is when the company adopt this service every Seven-Eleven store Japan have to link with the data of the payment such as electric bill. If the employees not fully understand how the ystem works, he or she will misunderstand and take too long to serve customer. Result in lower customer satisfaction and can link to overall brand dissatisfaction. Some customer will stop buying at Seven-Eleven because the long waiting time. 2. SEVEN-ELEVEN'S SUPPLY CHAIN STRATEGY IN JAPAN CAN BE DESCRIBED ASATTEMPTING TO MICRO-MATCH SUPPLY AND DEMAND USING RAPID REPLENISHMENT. WHAT ARE SOME RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH THIS CHOICE? 2. 1The main risk for Seven-Eleven is the potentially high cost of transportation and receiv ing at stores. 2. By using rapid replenishment system, Seven-Eleven Japan store can manage lower inventory in the store and higher shelf space available. This fit for Seven-Eleven in Japan because of smaller size of the store. But it still have some risk in case of a very fluctuated demand, when the demand raise to a very high level the inventory that the store stock might not be enough to serve customers demand. This situation will lead to loss of a sale and lower customer’s satisfaction. The rapid replenishment is a core concept to lean thinking.It’s how you can manage the flow of inventory and how you can shorten the cycle time between each delivery. Which mean seven eleven will deliver more often and the quantity of the product between each deliver will depend on the demand of the customer that forecast from the Point Of Sale and previous Data. It allowed seven eleven to be able to control their inventory level because when they deliver more often they can deliver just few amounts at a time. Therefore there are also some risks associated with this system.First, even though the rapid replenishment is a good system but the cost of replenishing and receiving is high. It’s because the system that require to put the rapid replenishment become efficient, for example they have to install the point of sale system to generate the sale information to the dc and supplier so they can deliver the good that fit for the curtain demand. For the receiving they also have to have the product scanner to scan the product when it arrives to the store. All of that equipment that’s required will raise the cost of the replenishing and receiving.Furthermore, the receiving cost also high because of the number of the delivery that higher too. Second, even though rapid replenishment helps seven eleven to maintain their inventory level that drive by the demand of the customer, to save their inventory cost. Sometime it might be risk in the shorten of inventor y(backlogs) because when seven eleven tried to micro match the demand and supply, seven eleven have to rely on the past purchasing data and the point of sale data. To be able to generate the demand forecast to deliver the product to each of seven eleven chain store.What if the demand has become so fluctuate to the point that it over their inventory level, that time seven eleven will be suffer from the empty shelf. As you know that the favorite items from seven eleven are such as lunchbox, rice ball and sandwich, so most likely if the consumer come during the high demand won’t have the food to consume. So most likely the consumer will go to other convenience store to buy the food to serve their need in that curtain time. If this scenario happen more that few time, the consumer most likely to switch the convenient store.That’s why this is also the risk that seven eleven has to face and try to overcome in order to maintain their competitive advantage. Third, the risk that they have to face is that they will not have the economics of scale in production because when they apply the rapid replenishment, the suppliers will only produce the product to match the need of the store when they need it. They won’t produce the same item for the large amount, which is if they produce in that way they won’t have to suffer from the set up cost in each batch that they have to produce.Fourth, even though the rapid replenishment will lower the transportation but seven eleven still have to concern about the gas price because if the gas price raise it will again increase their operation cost. Then again seven eleven won’t be able to raise their product price to serve that cost too due to the incentive competition in the convenience market. Fifth, Due to the system that when the trucks deliver the product to the store, there will be only the store people who scan and check the product in to the system. There will be no way of detecting the feud.The replenishment system worked on trust and did not require the delivery person to be present when the store personnel scanned in the delivery. This is a very risky system because store personnel may stoles the products. It can cause company loss in a million. 3. WHAT HAS SEVEN-ELEVEN DONE IN ITS CHOICE OF FACILITY LOCATION, INVENTORYMANAGEMENT, TRANSPORTATION, AND INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE TO DEVELOPCAPABILITIES THAT SUPPORT ITS SUPPLY CHAIN STRATEGY IN JAPAN? 3 .1 All choices made by Seven-Eleven are structured to lower its transportation and receiving costs.For example, its area-dominance strategy of opening at least 50 to 60 stores in an area helps with marketing butalso lowers the cost of replenishment. All manufacturing facilities are centralized to get the maximum benefit of capacity aggregation and also lower the inbound transportation cost from the manufacturer to thedistribution center (DC). Seven-Eleven also requires all suppliers to deliver to the DC where products aresort ed by temperature. This reduces the outbound transportation cost because of aggregation of deliveriesacross multiple suppliers. It also lowers the receiving cost.The information infrastructure is set up to allowstore managers to place orders based on analysis of consumption data. The information infrastructure alsofacilitates the sorting of an order at the DC and receiving of the order at the store. The key point toemphasize here is that most decisions by Seven-Eleven are structured to aggregate transportation andreceiving to make both cheaper. 3 .2 ? Filling in the entire map of Japan is not our priority. Instead, we look for demand where Seven-Eleven storesalready exist, based on our fundamental area dominance strategy of concentrating stores in specific areas.? hisabove statement shown that to ensure that the support of Seven-Eleven Japan ¶s facility location to its supply chain strategy, Seven-Eleven Japan has based its fundamental network expansion policy on a market dominanc estrategy. Wherever Seven-Eleven Japan entries into any new market, it was built around a cluster of 50  ± 60 storessupported by a distribution center. The main reason of applying cluster strategy, it is that clustering gave Seven-Eleven Japan a high-density market presence and allowed it to operate an efficient distribution system.There areseveral benefits of implementing the market-dominance strategy including such as boosting distributionefficiency, improved brand awareness, increasing the system efficiency, enhancing efficiency of franchise supportservices, improving advertising effectiveness and preventing competitors ¶ entrance into the dominant area. For inventory management, what Seven-Eleven Japan had done to develop capability that support its supply chain strategy is to offer its stores a choice from a set of 5,000 stock keeping units and each store could carry onaverage about 3,000 stock keeping units depending upon the local customer demand.Seven-Eleven emphasizedre gional merchandizing to cater precisely to local preferences. Each store carries food items, beverages,magazines, and consumer items such as soaps, detergents, etc. The highest generated sale of Seven-Eleven is under food category, and under Seven-Eleven Japan concept, thefood items were classified in four broad categories including Chilled items such as sandwiches, delicatessenproducts, and milk; Warm items such as box lunches, rice balls, and fresh bread; Frozen items such as ice-cream,frozen foods, and ice cubes; and Room-temperature items such as canned food, instant noodles, and seasonings.The efficiency in managing the inventory of Seven Eleven Japan could be proved by the resulted of inventory turnover rate is equal to over 50 when comparing to the second largest Seven Eleven in the United States is only about 17 in 2003. For transportation or distribution system of Seven Eleven Japan, the system was tightly linked the entire supply chain for all product categories as Seven E leven distribution centers and the information network played a key role in that regard.Its main objective is to carefully track sales of items and offer short replenishment cycle times. In 1987, Seven Eleven Japan had offered three times daily store delivery of all rice dishes and twice a day for freshfood. Its distribution system was flexible enough to alter delivery schedules depending on customer demand. When a store placed an order, it was immediately transmitted to the supplier as well as the distribution center. The supplier received orders from all Seven Eleven stores and started production to fill the orders.The supplierthen sent the orders by truck to the distribution center. The key to store delivery was what Seven Eleven calledthe combined delivery system. At the distribution center, delivery of like products from different suppliers was directed into a single temperaturecontrolled truck. There were four categories of temperature-controlled trucks such as frozen foods, c hilled food,room temperature processed foods, and warm foods. The number of stores per truck depended on the sales volume.The system worked on trust and did not require the delivery person to be present when the storepersonnel scanned in the delivery; this helps to reduce the delivery time spent at each store. Based on theinformation, it shown that Seven Eleven has continuously improve its transportation and distribution system,since 1974, there were 70 vehicles visited each store every day but later on in 1994, there were only 11 vehiclesnecessary. This dramatically reduced delivery costs and enabled rapid delivery of a variety of fresh foods.In2004, Seven Eleven Japan had a total of 290 dedicated manufacturing plants throughout the country that only produced fast food for Seven Eleven stores. The items were distributed through 293 dedicated distributioncenters that ensure rapid and reliable delivery. None of there distribution centers carried any inventory, they merely transferred inventory from supplier trucks to Seven Eleven distribution trucks. Transfleet Ltd. , a company set up by Mitsui and Co. for exclusive use of Seven Eleven Japan, provided this transportation.For information infrastructure, Seven Eleven Japan attributed a significant part of its success to the TotalInformation System installed in every outlet network linking the head office, stores, and the Seven Elevendistribution centers. Until July 1991, only a traditional analog network linked these chains. Later on, anintegrated services digital network or ISDN was installed, linking more than 5,000 stores; it became one of the world ¶s largest ISDN system. This system enables Seven Eleven to collect, process, and feed back point of salesdata quickly. Sales data generated in each stores by 11. 0p. m. , was processed and ready for analysis the nextmorning. In 1997, Seven Eleven Japan was introduced its fifth generation of the Total Information System, which was stillin use in 2004, the hardwar e system included as the following; Graphic Order Terminal, this was a handleddevice with a wide-screen graphic display, use by the store owner or manager to place the order. Once all theorders were placed, the terminal was returned to its slot, at which point the orders were relayed by the storecomputer to both the appropriate vendor and the Seven Eleven distribution center.Scanned Terminal, thesescanners read bar codes and recorded inventory. They were used to receive product coming in from a distribution center. This was then automatically checked against a previously placed order and the two were reconciled. Thisscanner terminal was also used when examining inventory at stores. Store Computer, this linked to the ISDN network, the POS register, the graphic order terminal, and the scannerterminal. It communicated between the various input sources, tracked store inventory and sales, places orders,provided detailed analysis of POS data, and maintained and regulated store equipment.P OS register; this POSdata was automatically transmitted online to a host computer. All sales data collected by 11. 00p. m. was organizedand ready for analysis by the next morning. The data was evaluated on a company wide, district, and store basis. Due to Seven Eleven done in its choice of information infrastructure to develop capability that support its supply chain strategy, the information system allowed Seven Eleven store to better match supply with demand. Storestaff could adjust the merchandising mix on the shelves according to consumption patterns throughout the day.The identification of slow and non-moving items also allowed a store to convert shelf space to introduce new items. 4. SEVEN-ELEVEN DOES NOT ALLOW DIRECT STORE DELIVERY IN JAPAN, WITH ALLPRODUCTS FLOWING THROUGH ITS DISTRIBUTION CENTER. WHAT BENEFIT DOES SEVEN-ELEVEN DERIVE FROM THIS POLICY? WHEN IS DIRECT STORE DELIVERY MOREAPPROPRIATE? 4. 1 Direct store delivery (DSD) would lower the utilization of the outbound trucks from the Seven-ElevenDC. It would also increase the receiving costs at the stores because of the increased deliveries.Thus,Seven-Eleven forces all suppliers to come in through the DC. DSD is most appropriate when stores arelarge and nearly-full truck load quantities are coming from a supplier to a store. This was the case, for example, in large U. S. Home Depot stores. For smaller stores it is almost always beneficial to have anintermediate aggregation point to lower the cost of freight. In fact, Home Depot itself is setting up theseintermediate facilities for its new stores that are often smaller. 4. There has been useful advantage of Seven-Eleven upon CDC and DSD as the centers allow smoothing of distribution operation to the stores and the provision of better quality and better information on supply anddeliveries is available and there was control of the supply chain as achieved. The presence of technology like theadaptation of the POS system can possibly move ahead and do aid the store employment and managementsituation by freeing up staff time. Seven-Eleven U. S. has begun introduce the Combined Distribution Center daily delivery of fresh-prepared foodsaround 2000.By partnering with multiple food companies, the convenience retailer will be able to offer fresh-made-daily and delivered-fresh-daily pastries, gourmet sandwiches, wraps, entrees, as well as other perishableand ready-to-eat foods once a day. This was a challenge because the CDCs are operated by several different third-party partners, and Seven-Eleven felt it did not have effective metrics for comparing performance to a reliable benchmark. This was due to many factors, including different facility sizes, building layouts and the variety of products handled by each CDC. pros yAdded choices to customers in perishable consuming. Seven-Eleven can add other specialty items to its selectionsuch as fruit salads, seasonal whole and cut fruit, fresh-squeezed juices and produce from a farmer ¶s ma rket. Theconsumers can easily get the fresh perishable products near their house. y Daily delivery means just that Seven-Eleven stores can place orders to the CDC and get fresh product by sortingfor delivery to stores at every night y With the company ¶s proprietary retail information system, each store can customize its order to provide the exactitems the customers in their neighborhood want. Receiving fewer deliveries to your store during the day. In this advantages, the stores no need to waste the time tocheck through each delivery because all needed products will be set up and combined since the DistributionCenters. y Expedite business for local food companies, which can now make one delivery to a central location fordistribution to local stores. y Reduce the holding Inventory Cost. Stores can order just the amount they sell in a day or two, so they don ¶t haveproduct sitting around on the shelves.That means that they can guarantee the freshness in the perishableproducts at Seven-Eleven. y The staffs are able to consolidate work and spend more time with your customers, growing your business. As they will check the stock and place the order to the CDC and receive the product at night. y The suppliers can delivery in large amount with one full truck load as there has a store big enough to keep theproducts with the method to keep the product longer and still perish. C ons y Much lower density (hence longer distance) of U. S. Seven-Eleven stores.Deliver a few product everyday may using too much cost with the longer distance of each branch. Need to increase density, even though setting upown system only reduce problems by eliminating delivers y Increase transportation cost at stores because of increased delivers. As Distribution Centers need to deliver theproduct everyday with a few amounts in order to keep the freshness of the product. y Losing the economics of scale advantages, as Seven-Eleven need to order the product everyday in the feweramounts. y H ig h costs of keeping the products as some products need a specific temperature to keep them 5.WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THE 7DREAM CONCEPT FOR SEVEN-ELEVEN JAPAN? FROM A SUPPLY CHAIN PERSPECTIVE, IS IT LIKELY TO BE MORE SUCCESSFUL IN JAPANOR THE UNITED STATES? WHY? 7dream makes sense given that Japanese customers are happy to receive their shipments at the localconvenience store. From a logistics perspective, online deliveries can piggy back on Seven-Eleven AaA? s existing distribution network in Japan. Deliveries from the online supplier can be broughtto the DC where they are sorted along with other deliveries destined for a store.This should increase theutilization of outbound transportation allowing Seven-Eleven to offer a lower cost alternative to having a package carrier deliver the product at home. The primary negatives are that 7dream will use up storagespace and require the store to be able to retrieve specific packages for customers. One can argue that the concept may be more s uccessful in Japan given the existing distribution network of Seven-Eleven and the frequency of visits by customers. Online delivery is able to link with the existingnetwork.The high visit frequency ensures that packages are not occupying valuable store shelf space for along time. Also, the frequent visits ensure that the marginal cost to the customer of picking up at aJapanese Seven-Eleven is small. This is less likely to be the case in the United States. 6. SEVEN-ELEVEN IS ATTEMPTING TO DUPLICATE THEIR SUCCESSFUL JAPANESE SUPPLYCHAIN STRUCTURE IN THE UNITED STATES WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF CDCS. WHATARE THE PROS AND CONS OF THIS APPROACH? KEEP IN MIND THAT STORES ARE ALSOREPLENISHED BY WHOLESALERS AND DSD BY MANUFACTURERS.The difficulty of duplicating the Japan supply chain structure in the United States follows primarily fromthe much lower density of U. S. Seven-Eleven stores. This is compounded by the fact that Seven-Elevenstores are getting both direct store deliveries as well a s wholesaler deliveries to its stores. Setting up itsown DCs does not allow Seven-Eleven to get the same level of transportation aggregation as it gets inJapan. Its own distribution system would help more if all wholesaler deliveries and direct store deliverieswere stopped and routed through the DC.Even then, having its own distribution system would add muchless value than in Japan given the lower density of stores and larger distance between stores. 7. THE UNITED STATES HAS FOOD SERVICE DISTRIBUTORS LIKE MCLANE THAT ALSOREPLENISH CONVENIENCE STORES. WHAT ARE THE PROS AND CONS TO HAVING ADISTRIBUTOR REPLENISH CONVENIENCE STORES VERSUS A COMPANY LIKE SEVEN-ELEVEN MANAGING ITS OWN DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION? One can contend that a distributor brings much more value to the table in the United States relative toJapan.Given the lower density of stores, a distributor is able to aggregate deliveries across manycompeting stores. This allows a distributor to reach levels of aggregation that canno t be achieved by asingle chain such as Seven-Eleven. The big disadvantage to having all deliveries done through a distributor is that Seven-Eleven is unable to exploit having a large number of stores. In fact, it may be argued thatgoing through the distributor has Seven-Eleven subsidize deliveries to competing smaller chains that mayalso be using the same distributor.

Language and Communication Essay

Communication has no specific description but main essence of it revolves around conveyance, exchanging, giving or sharing of ideas & information. Communication can be both verbal and nonverbal. Communication takes place all around us in school, colleges, homes, markets and most importantly businesses. Businesses use communication in Public Relations (PR) to maintain image of company toward public, organizations, and programs and to gather employees, customers, investors or even general public. For effective communication, message should be clearly conveyed and interpreted by both parties. Our communication, perception and interaction can greatly be effected by noise, which is a barrier in communication. Literal meaning of noise is not what is meant here. Noise can be anything that effect communication in one way or another. 3. Some people are better at communication for several of reasons. They convey their message easily because they are extremely good listeners and to be a good communicator first key is effective listening. They are patient listeners and try to read between the lines of the communication. This makes their grip on the subject matter very sound. This in turns helps them to communicate effectively. Along with effective listening, they have good presentation skills and have ability to make sure that each word is understood by the audience. They have clear vision of the message to be conveyed and are well prepared for it. Simplicity in conveyance also makes them better communicators. All of this comes down to effective listening for effective communication. 4. Yes, I somewhat agree to this. The advancement in IT and other technological advancements in internet usage have proved beneficial for companies to advertise on internet. This trend is increasing rapidly and with the creation of facebook, skype, twitter, other social networking sites and many other web platforms has made companies go for internet advertising more. People of almost all age groups have now easy access and availability of internet. So this mode of communication is becoming more important for organizations and will continue in future. But nevertheless, newspaper has always been more accessible and easy to carry source of information. Newspaper will lose some of its significance but this mode of advertising can not be ignored by organizations.

Art Leonardo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art Leonardo - Essay Example Notably, the portrait reflects an emotion wave that sweeps through the apostles regarding Christ’s statement. Actually, the photo practically portrays an expected scene. The statement, from Christ is reflected by the art as triggering independent reaction among the apostles. This scene is displayed by the portrait, which shows more actual drama expected in the real scene. Furthermore, Christ’s head is placed centrally in the architect and the frame depicts an architectural opening that seems to be â€Å"halo like†. Through these scenes, the photos clearly depict an expectation that is surprising to the apostles. The disappearing head of Christ form a perspectival projection that gives the portrait a more architectural setting coverage. Judas, being the betrayer is separated out of the rest to emphasize the lack of â€Å"unity† between him and the rest of the disciples. Generally, the photos communicate a lot of issues, which relate to what actually transpired during the last supper (Da Vinci & Cremante 209). Leonardo paintings are oriented more to religion, which classically reflect the fading face of the ancient Christianity. These features and architect are not only with Leonardo, but also with other ancient artists. Leonardo’s architects, portray the church as a building of uniform interior that formed the structure of all other Christian churches. Leonardo, through his art, aimed at bringing the humanity and nature together. Leonardo, combined both Christian and classical elements in a symmetric plan, in an attempt to synthesize on knowledge and tradition in a more harmonious and natural way. In conclusion, many scholars have tried to conceptualize Leonardo’s techniques of painting (Da Vinci & Cremante

Fashion and media - TRLG Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fashion and media - TRLG - Essay Example The essay "Fashion and media - TRLG" explores the TRLG. fashion and media. According to Rahman, Osmud, Yan Jiang, and Wing-sun Liu (291-311) True religion (TRLG) has established itself through high-quality products in clothing category over the years and successful brands that have been appreciated by many worldwide; this has proven enough financial resilience, consistency growth together with stable expansion out leading to high probability of merger acquisition. The high-end denim both includes regular jeans, for instance, Lucky, True Religion Jeans and Levis which is recognized by its fabric quality and good seam dimensions. The brand and quality attracts celebrities to wear them; these include; David Beckham, Colin Farrell, Beyonce, Megan Fox, Jessica Alba, and more. The jeans among other products are flashy and distinctive flair for those who cherish the modest lifestyle and less flashy versions especially for consumers who would just want to feel the comfort brands of TRLG bran d jeans. The idea of creating different variations and at the same time high-quality products has made the company stand the taste of time with its consumers as they maintain the forces within the market. Despite other jeans being available in the market that could act as the substitute, buyers consistently keep TRLG brand jeans because of the quality issues portrayed by other brands. Although, there are always possible threats of customers turning back for other substitute products or jeans from other competitors.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Marketing - Essay Example The NMC, ROI and ROS need to be seen from the tactical and strategic perspectives before one thinks of adopting any of these three or a combination of all of them for the sake of the business. b) Evaluate the employment of profit-oriented marketing objectives in general from a moral-ethical perspective. From a moral-ethical perspective, the profit-oriented marketing objectives must always be aligned in such a way that the people do not suffer due to the same count. This is because the profit-oriented marketing tactics are always aimed at benefiting more and more from the organizational stance. The moral-ethical perspective is such that it is on the opposite side all the same where it focuses more on the people and the society at large rather than mincing any profits or benefits in the long run scheme of things (Wood, 2011). The moral-ethical perspective is such that it will always bank on delivering sound results, however in keeping with the debates of morality more than profit-makin g at the end of the day.

Proposal document Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Proposal document - Dissertation Example This can be in form of services industry, business ventures or medical and health care industry. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objectives behind the entire dissertation are to investigate the new modes of communication in form of VOIP. In this regard, making use of VOIP in a particular field and providing benefits not only to the organization but the clients related is one of the main objectives. This would be done by checking its feasibility, its costs, its compatibility and other factors, and this in turn is subject to the study of its infrastructure. The dissertation would further allow for clear understanding of the technology incorporated in VOIP, which will be done so through critical analysis and comparison with other technologies present. Abstract: Using the VOIP services for better services in form of medical and health care sector with focus on the understanding and defining of the core infrastructure and understanding of VOIP. Usage in Medical Alert Systems: For purpos e of sending an alarm and signal, it can be used in times of emergency, the phone line that is synced with the monitoring setup that is established in connection with the phone line that is in place and once the call is established, the infrastructure in place would allow for monitoring and tracing of the location and then based on the VOIP features can provide the desired situation by alerting the other elements. Outlines: Understanding the working of VOIP, the technologies incorporated its strengths and weakness, the adjustments needed in the particular organization under study, checking the compatibility, assessing the present state of technology, potential advantages and possible areas of improvement would be investigated in the overall dissertation. The project will broadly consist of the introduction and abstract part, followed by the literature review part which would investigate the methodical and periodical work that has been conducted over period of time in the field of VO IP and other communication technologies. Work of different experts and technologists who have researched in this field would be brought to light. This would be followed by the research methodology phase of the dissertation which would include the explanation and discussion of the ground level activities and facts related to VOIP. Finally the last part of the dissertation would constitute the findings and analysis portion which would allow for better implementation of the technology in the physical domain. Using the software is also part of the overall project for purpose of pilot test and evaluation. Implementation of VOIP software, providing the data base, and other resources within the hospital and medical field which would facilitate its usage are few of the steps and actions that must be taken into account prior to its implementation. Software tool application would enable for practical demonstration of the VOIP features, its services and its compatibility with other underlying technologies and hardware applications. Software compatibility and designing a software manual according to the desired technological requirements is another core function contained in the overall project. Literature review: The concept of VOIP gained prominence in the early days of 21st century when the technology took a shift towards further enhanced means

Final Project Statistics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final - Statistics Project Example The interest of the study is to test if there is any significance difference between the energy intake before and after the exercise session. The most appropriate test for this study is the paired sample t-test. The test determines if there is significant difference between average values of measurements taken from a sampling unit under two different conditions (Park, 2009). The test is based on the paired difference between the two measurements. This is a two tailed test where both variables are dependent variables, i.e. pre and post-test variables. The power and post hoc testing for this study will be Bonferroni and Turkey’s test. Bonferoni is the simplest post hoc test because of its flexibility and ability to be used as correction test (Pavlidis, n.d). Bonferroni calculates the new pairwise alpha to be compared with the initial alpha . Bonferroni alpha is calculated as Pretessting and posttessting data both seem to be normally distributed. The conclusion is supported by Shapiro wilk test for normality. This test was chosen since it works best for a smaller samples size of less than 50. The results were as follows; From Shapiro wilk test, both pretesting and posttesting data was normally distributed. The significance values 0.803 and 0.712 are both greater than alpha 0.05. This test confirms that the data is appropriate for a paired t-test. In this study, there were 20 people whose energy intake was examined before and after going to the gym. The average energy intake before the exercise sessions was 6650.7 with a standard deviation of 1495.704 while the energy intake after the session was 5304 with a standard deviation of 1518.826. The last column gives the standard error of the mean for each of the test. This output also shows that there were 20 pairs of observation in the study. The correlation between variables in given in column three i.e . The fourth column shows the p value for the correlation coefficient. With an

Jewish children and the Holocaust Research Paper

Jewish children and the Holocaust - Research Paper Example The odds of survival for the older children were comparatively higher as they could be used in ghettos and concentration camps for forced labour. The children who faced the Holocaust can be divided into three age segments: from infants to toddlers aged 6; children between ages of 7 and 12; and teenagers from age of 13 to 18. The chances of survival and the ability of performing labour at camps varied majorly between these age segments (Rosenberg 15). The ideology and the policies of Nazis specially targeted the Jews, which then resulted in the official German policy called ‘Final Solution’. The Jews and their children faced a lot of suffering at the Nazis’ hands; as soon as the Nazis came into power in January 1933, they restricted the rights of the Jewish children (Wiesel 33). The Jewish children in Germany began enduring a progressively hostile atmosphere after 1935. They faced alienation from their close friends, even aggression at their hands, and spiteful and unfriendly attitudes. The letters to editors of Der Stà ¼rmer, a Nazi tabloid by the German children, expose a reprehensible outburst of passion and foolishness against their classmates who were Jewish. Jewish and Gypsy children faced a massive amount of humiliations in the classrooms of Germany. The Social Darwinism as well as the degrading and oppressive doctrine of what was called the racial biology had a great role in humiliating these children and establishing their race as inferior. This resulted in development of education as a form of resistance in various Jewish schools in Germany after 1933, and it provided the background and experience for the secret schools which were created later in concentration camps and ghettos. Passed on 25th of April 1933, ‘The Law against Overcrowding in German Schools and Universities’ was among the initial laws that directly affected the students that were Jewish. This tyrannical law

Black Poems Essay Example for Free

Black Poems Essay In the past during apartheid being black meant you lost out in many privileges it also showed how black people where oppressed. In this poem we see that Mbongeni Khumalo uses the word black in connection to all the bad things. He highlights that there is this darkness associated with the colour black and that in the 1960’s when someone called you a black person it showed nothing good and that no one should be proud of being black. He also looks at all the words that start with â€Å"black† and if one looks deep into them then we see that there’s a deeper meaning to that particular word and that it has got something to do with wrong doing or bad happenings. The first line of the poem reads â€Å"you don’t need a BLACK-BELT to write blackpoems†, if one looks at this line and critique it then we see that he says that one doesn’t need a black belt to write black poem and the way it is written from the small letter at the beginning of the sentence to the to the black belt in a big font and black poems as one word this shows that as a black person no one really paid attention to the diction of the poem. â€Å"B/LACK† when one looks at this word and the way it has been written then you can interpret it as be lack, as if he’s trying to point out that when you are black you lack in something. He further one uses the word â€Å"prac-teasing† and instead of writing practising he uses the teasing showing that he was isolated for mocking black art but in his own right one can argue that he was not mocking it but just highlighting the points that were true and that there was a time when anything that was done by a black person was just done and not taken seriously, a black person could only go so far with their art. â€Å"Trampling my so(u)l/e/† the way he has chosen to break down the word soul in a way that one can say he is trampling the word himself and he also adds an â€Å"e† at the end which shows that he can do anything to this poem since it is a black poem. â€Å"Served sausages made from minced pork and call(ed) it BLACK PUDDING† one can say that it was called black pudding because in the black culture the only time that the families ever ate pudding which consisted of custard and fruit was during Christmas otherwise black people always feasted with meat he could also have been referring to himself as the black sheep because he did not eat meat and in that case being black and not eating meat meant that you were a different type of black person and therefore you were out casted and you were a black sheep. â€Å"I suffered a BLACK DEATH at the hands of a BLACK GUARD†, what the writer brings out in this line is how black people still killed each other regardless of the fact that they were all oppressed by the same people for the same reason. The guards were also said to be puppies for the oppressors so that the hit on them could be lighter and that they could spare them their lives. So it shows that black people were also turned against each other and killed each other just so that they can hold their own end. The language that he has chosen to use is simple but the was in which he has broken down his words and placed them in way that one could clearly see the point he is trying to make about black poems. As one carries on to read this poem you could say that this is not a black poem but a poem about black people. He uses a playful tone but at the same time the way he stresses some words to show his point and the double meanings behind them. He also used the words to show what was happening in that time to black people trying to pass on the torch of awareness so that people could stop being naive and actually know how things were done in that time. He attracts the reader by his title which is â€Å"BLAK POWEMS† which shows the way he wrote it as if he were a actually saying it in a Bantu accent, so he chose to write it the way he would say it because no one really paid close attention to the diction and the style of the way black poets wrote their poems because it always ended up being black people reading each others poems. The way this poem has been written it shows well that it is protest poem in such a sense as when one looks at the diction used in this poem and the style of writing that the poet has chosen to use. He plays with associations surrounding blackness to put his point across of how blackness is associated with bas things and in this case particularly back in the 1960’s during times of black oppression and apartheid. The tone of this poem is in a playful but honest manner, not harsh but it keeps one intrigued that there could be so many things associated with the colour black that represent a darker side of life and the poet does a good job of bringing them out and also highlighting them. This poem makes the reader see the problems that the past could add on to a simple phrase or word. The word black in this poem has been separated and put on a spectrum whereby we can all see the negatives that could and that are surrounding this one word in particular. The poet has also made us think of how history played out and he did this not by writing that in the 1960’s this is what happened but he used words that show or highlight the main events of the 60’s.

The Different Types Of Custodial Sentences

The Different Types Of Custodial Sentences For this report, I have decided to focus on the effectiveness of the use of non-custodial sentences and to explore how certain types of punishment may be the reason why some criminals re-offend. Observations Of the twenty cases I witnessed, almost three-quarters of them resulted in a community order sentence or fine, with a quarter either resulting in a conditional discharge, warrant of committal or extended sentence. It appeared that the cases were dealt with subjectively; whereby individuals circumstances were taken into account before delivering a suitable sentence. For example, in one case, a young woman pleaded guilty to possession of a Class A drug, which breached her suspended sentence. As she had attended two-hundred and thirteen hours of rehabilitation (out of a possible two-hundred and fifty), had otherwise not breached her sentence and her cravings had significantly reduced over the eighteen months of her sentence, the Magistrates decided to remove her suspended sentence and offered her a six-month conditional discharge instead. In light of the theories of punishment, particularly the Self-Regulatory Penalty, I did not see how giving the defendant a conditional discharge was deemed to be a punishment. According to Braithwaite (1989), this is referred to as denunciation; whereby an otherwise upright citizen who has breached their contract with the local community is seen to be enough to shame and reintegrate them with that community. (Worrall and Hoy, 2005: 5). However, this was the defendants second offence and the self-regulatory penalty theory fails to explain why some individuals offend. On the contrary, the breach was for a drug abuse problem which, understandably, is difficult to control and therefore can be said to justify her actions. Additionally, the defendant showed signs of remorse and disappointment as her charges were read out. Her solicitor explained, in the facts of the case, that she had earnestly handed over the drugs to the police when asked to do so. Magistrates have reported that generally female defendants areà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦widely perceived to be less threatening in their behaviour and appearance, and so more deserving of compassion. (Evans and Jamieson, 2008; 119) But is this softening towards female convicts a cause for concern? In a study conducted, three Magistrates disagreed, arguing that for a woman to be brought to court was in itself a n indication of the seriousness of her conduct. (Evans and Jamieson, 2008; 119) Alternatively, the number of financial penalties given to the defendants compared with the number of community sentences given was almost equivalent. By simply imposing a fine, it hits them where it hurts-in the pocket, but is not always seen as holding the offender sufficiently accountable for their breach of contract with the community. (Young, 1989 quoted in Worrall and Hoy, 2005: 5) The paying of a fine does not constitute the same emotions of guilt or infliction of pain that would result from a punishment. In order to determine whether these sanctions are working effectively, the government and probation services need to monitor the rate of re-convictions. Studies have shown that the rate of males and females re-offending has decreased from 43.7 to 39.0 from the years 2002-2006  [1]. This reflects that the use of community penalties is having a positive effect on offenders behaviour. However, the rates of reconvictions are not reliable as they do not include offences that have not resulted in a conviction and only cover the post-two year period from the individuals previous conviction. (Davies, Croall and Tyrer: 2010; 845) Further data has shown that the likelihood of convicts reoffending is greater if the individual already has a history of previous convictions. The trends in the data show that it is often very difficult to control the behaviour or alter the attitudes of particular individuals who live the so-called life of crime. In addition to this, the chances of an individual re-offending are often influenced and affected by extraneous factors such as; age, sex, previous history of offending, types of offence, as well as the sen tence imposed. (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 2010; 486) Thirteen of the twenty cases I witnessed were offences made by working class males between the ages of 21 and 50, with the other offences made by working class females between the ages of 32 and 45. The majority of the cases involved criminal acts of theft, violence, drug abuse and breaches of previous sentences. Having predicted that the majority of offences would be made by young males, I noted that whilst it was young men that were more frequently convicted than women, for first-time offences, the majority of them re-offended. According to Worrall and Hoy (2005; 110) Predisposing hazards, based on research, suggest that re-offending is more likely to occur in young men whose first conviction was at an early age or who have a large number of previous convictions with no recent break in the pattern. Contrastingly, the least likely to reoffend are older women with late first convictions or few previous convictions with a long gap since the last conviction. It also appears that the se riousness of the present offence holds no weight on the likelihood of reoffending. This leads me on to discuss the theory of individual deterrence. This form of punishment stems from the branch of justification known as Reductivism (Walker, 1972). This form of justification serves punishment as a preventative measure for future criminal intent thereby helping to reduce crime. However studies have indicated that quite contrary to what the theory of individual deterrence suggests- that offenders who suffer more severe or punitive penalties (including penalties specifically aimed at deterrence) are more (not less) likely to reoffend.'(West, 1982: 109; Brody, 1976: 14-16; Lipsey, 1995: 74 quoted in Cavadino and Dignan 2007: 37) Therefore, if punishment, in general, is not having the desired effect on offenders, the justice system needs to consider the personal factors and elements, relevant, which may be influencing the behaviour of offenders. Conclusion As a prospective lawyer and current law student, this experience has enhanced my understanding and awareness of current issues within the criminal justice system. Theoretically the methods of punishment in place, so far, appear to be working but in practice, are not working effectively enough. The number of individuals re-offending may have reduced but the number of people committing first-time offences has increased. Probation services need to find alternative methods of eradicating criminal behaviour, attitude and intent in order to prevent reoffending.

The Business Organisation And Environment Of Devices Information Technology Essay

The Business Organisation And Environment Of Devices Information Technology Essay Internet is one of the best communicating and information device that created by human it is used in a global scale for faster communication research in data and also online business, there are many type of companies around the world provides the telecommunication service. As regarding the information above our group has selected a company which is currently the leading telecommunication company in Malaysia that is called Telekom Malaysia berhad which owns a capitalization over RM11 billion and total work force of around 24,000. Before moving on to the points that we researched which are related to the company we would like to explain the history and achievement of the company with the information we gathered. The history of the Telekom Malaysia Berhad . The company was established in the year 1946, developed rapidly from the year 1995 where internet was first internet age began in Malaysia. According to the Malaysian internet survey which was conducted by Mimos and beta interactive services on 1995 one out of every thousand Malaysian had excess to the internet. As the company develop step by step with the partnership with the national building it helped the Malaysia country and the company itself with the latest technology and transform its network infrastructure from analog to digital and now moving on towards an IP base. Moving on towards the points that we choose and found the information related to the company is business organization and its environment, individual at work and lastly organization structure of Telekom Malaysia Berhad. Business Organisation and Environment As every Malaysian knows, Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM) is currently a leading telecommunication company in Malaysia which provides internet services, voice services and also entertainment services for each of everyone of Malaysia. TM Company obtains the success today due to the outstanding leadership of the CEO. TM Companys aim is to become Malaysias top leading of new generation communications provider and to fulfill customers needs by their cutting-edge technology and excellence performance. The reason that pushes TM Company to the peak is because that the vision and mission of the company is clear and distinct, which gives their worker a general idea of what is the purpose of working there. Despite that, various types of problems from both internal and external environment still arise in the TM Company which affects the performance of the company. Malaysia is famous for its multicultural races, no doubt inside TM Company also a multicultural organization. Personalities and behaviors of workers in the organization are crucial to the company because they are the one who keep the companys profile high. For sure there are tons of types of personality and behavior inside the organization; therefore it is necessary to maintain the order of it. Human resources policies and legislation had been enacted for this purpose. Example such as Employment Act 1955, among the content, it is prohibited for women to work at around ten oclock in the night and five oclock in the morning, and also women are not allowed for underground working. Furthermore, TM Company also provides training for the new employees to be developed into various levels of staff for the company and also its subsidiaries in their own TM Training Centre. In every field of business, competitors are unavoidable. Same goes to TM Company, other company like Maxis, Digi, P1 W1max, Izzi and others are improving from time to time, which gives TM Company the pressure to upgrade them furthermore. At first, these types of companies had only made a slight impact on TM, but as business industries are affected by the globalization later on in 1990s, the competitive forces increases and forces TM to change its organization in order to cope with it. TM had no other ways but to re-organize their organization that majorly focus in improving and enhancing their productivity in order to keep surviving in the telecommunication industry with these much of competitors. Other than that, knowledge management also affects TM Companys performance and organization. The business today has moved into a rapid-changing and knowledge-based environment compare to the time before. Thus, many believes that running the business based on knowledge is crucial to the organization in order to survive. For TM Company, changing the organization style is keeping their performances remain outstanding among their competitors in telecommunication field. Leaders in TM Company use knowledge management method to keep the organization in shapes and in conjunction with that, they can fully utilize the intellectual capital. This enables the intellectual capital to grow from the aspects of skills, attitude and behavior of employees thus increasing the overall performance. Organisation structure TM Company is a big company in Malaysia. Therefore, TM company has its own unique structure and system which in bureaucracy style. Diagram 1.1 : structure of TM company Six key elements such as work specialisation, departmentlisation, chain of command, span of control ,centralisation and decentralisation and formalisation are used in designing the structure. According to the diagram above, work specialisation do exist in TM Company. For example, there are some workers who are specialised in certain tasks. Workers like technicians will repair all the systems and infrastructures of company. When lot of the specialist work together in an environment, it will form a department to perform certain similar tasks, which is a form of departmenlisation. Another element is span of control. From Diagram 1.1, span of control of each layer can be seen easily. For example, the board of directors got narrow span of control because under him there is only one subordinate, which is the chief executive officer. On the other hand, the chief executive officer got a wider span of control compare to the previous one. Under the CEO is another layer which consists of differ ent department managers and a wider span. This sequence is continued until the lowest layer of the structure.So, the chain of command will pass from the higher layer to lower layer for delegation of jobs. When all the information are gathered or jobs are completed, the final decision and approval will make by the board of directors.That call centralisation.Under some specific situation, decentralisation are used. Board of directors will pass the authority of making decision to lower layer to handle the project.Rules made by the company are call formalisation, that need all workers follow it when they are joined the company. From these elements, a tall structure can seen. Diagram 1.2 shows that a tall structure and the span of control of TM Company Beside that, there are some determinants of organisation structure such as technology, environment and strategies issues. Nowadays, technology are improved rapidly and it is a key success factor for TM Company.Technological advancement can lead TM Company competitive with other firms. In Malaysia, 2 types of telecommunication technologies, wired and wireless are applied. In field of wired internet, data communication technology like Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) being ultilizing via connection of copper lines to households.Therefore, TM company is controls the virtual DSL market.In other side, High-Speed Broadband(HSBB) are invented by TM Company using the Fiber-to-the-home ( FTTH) technology to enhance the wireless internet connection. In this modern era, a huge population of office workers are using internet to do research for their tasks. So, broadband penetration in Malaysia is getting bigger due to citizens are shifting towards knowledge-based nation. Another fact is broadband can carry easily to anywhere. Due to limitation of quota in broadband, those worker rather use wired internet connection in their home and workplaces. The demand of internet is become greater and it is a chance for TM Company to lead the market.The branches of TM, TMnet Streamyx is major choices of workes choose for internet connection.Workers can choose either using wired or wireless connection, unlike Digi, Celcom and Maxis broadband are running in wireless connection. Individuals at work In what specific ways that an individual influences an organization There are three important leadership skills that an individual should have to be able to climb up to the management position. For example, goal settings, attitude and procedure management. According to (Maryellen Gibsons blog ) a manager that has a positive attitude will effect an entire team or company in an encouraging manner and a manager which has a negative attitude will affect the organization in a not so optimistic manner. Other than this, procedure management will help an organization to stay orderly and organized. For example, when there is a new project or task to be done, theres no need to make a whole new procedure just for that project. With proper procedure management an organization can save precious time and become more efficient. Lastly, the third leadership skill is to have a goal setting. A manager which has a clear mind set for his or her company is great for benefiting their company or organization because if there is a project the manager and his company will be able to know the result of the project. A really effective manager will need to let his team contribute to the success of the project so they have ownership in the final result. Individuals at TM Net DATO ZAMZAMZAIRANI MOHD ISA is currently the managing director and the group chief executive officer of TM Net. Aged 50, a Malaysian, has been appointed managing director of TM since 25 of April 2008. He holds a Bachelors degree in communication engineering from Plymouth Polytechnic in the United Kingdom. He is very experienced in the telecommunication field. DATUK BAZLAN OSMAN is presently TM Nets executive director and group chief financial officer. Now at age 46, he was appointed the role of executive director of TM since 25 of April 2008. He started of as an auditor with a public accounting firm in 1986 and finally joined the Celcom Axiata Berhad in 2001 as chief financial officer of the company. Now, he also oversees the operations of Global, Wholesale and Support Business. Interview questions Example: If the job is offered to you, how long do you plan to stay in the job position given? (This question is use to test how high the worker is aiming for and from what can be predicted from the workers performance for the company in the future) What is your expected salary range? (This question is to test the workers deservedness to have the expected salary) What do you know about the job position you have enquired for and what duties do you think this job requires you to do. (This question is to test the workers knowledge about the company) What kind of challenges do you think you will encounter in this job position? (This question is to test the workers thoughts on how to overcome a problem if handling with one) What separate this from our competitors? Conclusion Business organization and its environment is how the organization and business of the company affected by both internal and external environment. From time to time, usually the companys organization structure will be changed as the competitors in the same field increase and to avoid problems occur towards the internal environment which will lead the company to a downfall. TM Companys organization structure was reorganized to overcome problems in both internal and external environments and to stabilize the economy of the company. Organization structure can be determined by six key elements which are work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, centralization decentralization, and formalization. Based on all these key elements in organization structure, the leaders in TM Company can manage the organization better and produce a result higher than what are expected. Every individual in the company is crucial to the company, their personality; behavior and every single commitment are keys to success in the future. Each and every individual in the company have their own roles which can be carried out on their own only, thus they should bear the responsibility and to accomplish their duties either as leaders or subordinates. To improve the company status they use the various methods to achieve their specific goal in the business field. (1808 words)

Boom Towns Of The Amazon :: essays research papers

Urban Geography Boom Towns of the Amazon The Amazon Basin has been called the last frontier. Although there has been a considerable amount of government investments in rural development, the majority of Amozonia is urban. Charles Wageley said that the “Typical Amozonian town was lethargic and backwards due to its seclusion.'; Every year many people are killed in land disputes in this area. With all the social and environmental changes rapid urbanization in the Amazon has been overlooked. As I mentioned earlier, the Amazon basin is considered the last frontier, but there are dramatic environmental changes occurring. The most notable change is the rapid clearing of the largest tropical rainforest in the world, which has over shadowed the genesis of new urban centers. The prototypical urban community in contemporary Amozonia is a bustling boomtown, a dynamic and sometimes short-lived frontier settlement. The change of the region’s landscape occurs in the social area of conflicts involving Indians, agricultural colonists and activists clergy, cattle ranchers miners, timber interest, governmental agents and others. These conflicts are dangerous and sometimes deadly. The North region of Brazil encompasses the states and territories of Para, Ampa, Amazonas, Roraima, Acre and Rondonia. This section of Brazil has had the highest rate of urbanization than the rest of the country in recent years. This article examines the nature, causes and durability of frontier urbanization in the Brazilian Amazon. The rate of urbanization has been low in Amozonia. There is a mercantile dependence on extractive boom and bust cycles, which has created a scattered population of river settlements. Two cities, Belem and Manuas, which are the historical commercial centers that are located on the main watercourses, dominate this region. Instead of the classical model of a regular hierarchy of settlements, a dendritic central place system developed in the Amazon, this resulted in a dependence on external forces. The transportation system is also expanding which allows links directly to the Brazilian population center. In conclusion, the urban accumulation of a work force only partially converted to steady wage labor helps explain the rapid but uneven growth of Amazonian boomtowns.

English Coursework: Macbeth Essay -- English Literature

English Coursework: Macbeth In this essay I will be discussing who is responsible for the death of King Duncan In Shakespeare’s play ‘Macbeth’. The main character in the play, Macbeth, murders King Duncan. However, I feel that he was not totally to blame. I believe that both Lady Macbeth and the three witches played a part in his death and this should not be overlooked. The three witches are all sisters. We first meet the witches in the very first scene of the play when they are on the heath casting a spell. Shakespeare sets the mood of the play by having them on the moor in the thunder and lightening. This creates a feeling of evil. This is where the witches first mention Macbeth. Where the place? Upon the heath. There to meet Macbeth. The witches first meet Macbeth in scene three of act one when he is riding home after being one of the heroes in the war. He is with Banquo when he bumps in to the three ugly sisters. Macbeth is amazed to hear the witches’ prophecy. They foretell that he will be the Thane of Cawdor and will go on to be King. All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor! All hail, Macbeth! That shalt be King hereafter. This stuns Macbeth because he knows that the Thane of Cawdor is still alive. He doesn’t understand how he will become King of Scotland either. He wants to know more from the witches. Stay, you imperfect speakers, tell me more: By Sinel’s death I know I am Thane of Glamis; But how of Cawdor? the Thane of Cawdor still lives, A prosperous gentleman; and to be king, Stands not within the prospect of belief, The witches’ prophecy has put the idea of becoming king into Macbeths mind. He starts to think about it and how it can become true. By th... ... Act 1 Scene 7. But his wife forces him to do the deed by saying that she will leave him if he does not kill him. So that shows that he would not have done it unless his wife (Lady Macbeth) had threatened to leave him. He then kills the king but it is all thought out by his wife so that he will not get caught. Showing that it is that wife that wants it to happen more than Macbeth does. In conclusion I would like to say that I think that lady Macbeth is at most fault because Macbeth would not have done it if Lady Macbeth had not of forced him. But it is true that she would not have got the idea unless Macbeth had heard it from the witches. I don’t feel that Macbeth is at any blame because as I have said he would not have done it unless his wife had forced him. I also feel that the death of King Duncan was half Lady Macbeth’s fault and half the witches.

A Hero of Our Time: a Short Analysis of Human Complacency with Suffering and Pain

Jeremiah Morales Morales 1 IB World Literature Ms. Gibbs December 21, 2011 A Hero of Our Time: Human Complacency with Suffering and Pain Throughout A Hero of Our Time, Mikhail Lermontov speculates greatly the validity of human friendships. Through his protagonist, Grigory Alexandrovich Pechorin, Lermontov reveals friendship to be a parasitic sort of relationship, one member of the unit of friendship always exploiting the other to some degree. Pechorin himself is the manifestation of this idea throughout the course of the novel, interacting with other people only to achieve his own means and never when it would be unbeneficial to him. Pechorin inflicts emotional trauma of some degree upon all the people he meets; as a result of Pechorin’s presence, suffering is introduced into the lives of those around him. Also, despite Pechorin’s malign intentions & the suffering he brings to those near him, these people about him continue to lionize and honor him, neglecting to sever their ties with him even when the relationship they shared became unhealthy. The most profound example of vampirism in the novel, however, lies within the relationship shared between Pechorin and Bela, a young Circassian princess whom he would kidnap and later abandon. Through the recurring notions of suffering, Lermontov reveals the penchant of the human heart for the infliction and reception of pain, however inadvertent it may be. As Lermontov reveals through Bela and her submissiveness to her captivity, people silently allow others to inflict pain upon them, offering no true struggle against their oppressors. In the Caucasus, Pechorin crosses paths with Azamat, a young Circassian prince with a particular interest in Karagyoz, the horse of an old acquaintance of Pechorin’s, Kazbich. Pechorin comes to fancy Azamat’s sister, the lovely Bela, whom had danced before him during a wedding party. Pechorin proposes a bargain to Azamat; if he could kidnap Bela and bring her to Pechorin’s dwelling, Pechorin would procure Kazbich’s famed horse for him. Both parties fulfill their ends of the deal, and Bela soon was within the walls Morales 2 of Pechorin’s home. Once in Pechorin’s home, Bela hides â€Å"behind [her] door† (20). Bela is deeply frightened and emotionally wounded by her kidnapping, fearful of those who abducted her. She no longer sings or dances as she did before; she only â€Å"sits in a corner, wrapped in a shawl† (21), holding herself in a sort of fetal position. â€Å"She isn’t talking† (21) and â€Å"isn’t looking up† (21), refusing to actively observe her surroundings or absorb the reality of what was happening about her, for she is â€Å"as frightened as a wild chamois† (21), â€Å"shuddering† (21) when spoken to, her senses of stability and communication greatly distorted by the mental suffering she had undergone as she was abducted from her home. She â€Å"pines† (21), â€Å"her head hanging down to her chest† (21), reveling in her misery and distancing herself from her surroundings. Bela is miserable, longing desperately for the familiarity of her former home, and expressed her unhappiness without abandon. She would not, however, act on her emotions, silently allowing herself to remain in captivity. She would sit in silence, not offering a word of protest and not making any attempts to escape. Pechorin would try to elicit responses from her, entering the room that had been set aside for her and attempting to assuage her defensiveness by assuring her he meant no harm. Bela â€Å"nods her head in a sign of agreement† (22) as he demands she be more cheerful, obediently capitulating to his will and â€Å"smiling affectionately† (22), offering a fabricated smile to please him. Pechorin takes her hand and advances towards her, attempting to kiss her, and despite her â€Å"trembling† (22), she does not offer any substantial resistence, saying â€Å"’I am your captive, your slave. Of course you can force me’† (22). Despite the great emotional trauma that Pechorin inflicted on her by kidnapping her, Bela makes no true endeavor to escape or defy him; she instead submissively and obediently offers herself to him, allowing him to do as he pleased without regard to the suffering it brought her. Bela’s willingness to remain in captivity and tolerate her suffering reveals that, even in relationships today, women will be able to romanticize pain and abuse when they are afflicted by these things through an oppressive or vampiric relationship. Through Pechorin’s indifference to Bela’s suffering, Lermontov reveals to us the ultimate selfishness that men are capable of and their ability to wholly ignore the suffering of others for the sake of achieving their own means. Pechorin had a talent for manipulating women, feeding off their infatuation until he became unpleased with the relationship. Bela, however, â€Å"pines† (21) for her old life and does not succumb to his various charms initially, and so Pechorin makes a sport of winning her affection. Pechorin had noticed that, after giving her many gifts, Bela began to grow less emotionally resistant and more familiar with him, and Pechorin had begun to tell Maxim Maximych, his partner in travel, that he would without doubt win Bela’s affection. He speaks of her as if she was game, saying that she was â€Å"’not a woman’† (22), separating her from the classifications of human beings, as if she were rather an animal to be hunted. He says to Maxim that on his â€Å"’honest word, she will be [his]† (22), and when Maxim shakes his head in doubt, Pechorin proposes to â€Å"’bet on it’† (22) and that â€Å"’in a week’s time’† (22) she would give in. Pechorin made her out to be as an animal to be coaxed out of its protective shell so that it might be captured; rather than pitying Bela and taking note of her intense suffering and sadness, he made a game of the situation, and even offered to gamble with Maxim as to what the outcome of the game would be. Hitler does eventually warm her heart, winning her love short deep into a pathetic list of procedures carefully executed through plans engineered to manipulate Bela and distract her from her suffering. Pechorin himself, however, would become distracted himself, immersing himself in his love for the hunt. He â€Å"loved hunting with a passion† (30). As he came to enjoy hunting more and more, he was seen less and less at home, and Bela was left alone, â€Å"the poor pale thing so sad† (31). She would often â€Å"cry† (31), brought to deep despair by the notion that â€Å"he does not love [her]† (31). However, if Bela continued to â€Å"pine† (31), Pechorin â€Å"would grow tired of it† (31) and leave her. Pechorin was not interested in her feelings or how awfully they were damaged as a result of his indifference; he cared only that she acted in the manner that he pleased. If she would not do that, the relationship would no longer be something worthy of his investment. Out of Pechorin’s sight, however, Bela would continue to wollow in her anguish, â€Å"falling down on [her] bed and covering her face with her hands† (31) as she wept in despair. Despite the emotional suffering that Bela had been Morales 4 subject to, Pechorin would offer no comforting, as what mattered to him was his own pleasure. Through Bela’s death and Pechorin’s ability to easily cope, Lermontov reveals the ultimate complacency humans find in their suffering. Kazbich attempts to steal Bela away from Pechorin and Maxim, binding her and riding away with her on his horse. Pechorin and Maxim chase him fervently, and in an attempt to stop Kazbich and save Bela’s life, a horrible irony occurs – the bullet with which Maxim intended to target Kazbich and save Bela actually proves to have pierced through Bela herself. Bela grows fatally ill after taking this shot, and she now suffers physical trauma in addition to her emotional instability. She suffers from â€Å"delirium† (39), and often â€Å"lies motionless and pale† (39). It was barely possible to see her breathing† (39), and she is â€Å"dying† (39). She begins â€Å"lamenting† (39) all the sadnesses of her past, moved to utter and complete despair by the intense physical pain and the knowledge that her life was now virtually over. Bela now suffers in both physically and emotionally shattering ways, and yet does not curse Pechorin or Maxim for t he great physical and emotional traumas they had brought her. Pechorin expresses very mild forms of concern, but ultimately would easily be able to allow her passing, Maxim â€Å"never once [having] noticed a tear on his lashes† (39). Bela would be kidnapped and murdered by two men whom she had never known, and would not express any operative resentment; in the same respect, Pechorin’s actions would ultimately lead to Bela’s death, and yet he would offer no signs of remorse. Through the theme of suffering, and the passive ending of Bela and Pechorin’s relationship, Lermontov reveals the ultimate tolerance for the infliction and reception of pain that humans have allowed to form within their natures. (Word Count: 1,491)

Burial Practices Throughout the Ages

Society has always looked for a way to honor its dead. This has been the case since the earliest of times. There are rituals in all populations that mark the various passages each travel through in life. For instance, we mark an individual’s accomplishments in graduating from college, or getting married. It is no different in death. Death is the final passage that civilizations throughout history have found ways to honor. Burials and the ceremonies that commemorate them, offer the survivors an opportunity to pay homage to the life that has been lost.It gives them a chance to celebrate the deceased for accomplishments, life and family. The burial ceremony allows the survivors a chance to mourn, and express their grief to others. The ceremony helps those left behind to heal from the pain of the loss. From the early civilizations to the present, burial rituals have told us a great deal about the social behavior of the population. In most cases, children and elderly were buried ju st the same as the younger, stronger male. That tells us that the population valued its people and grieved their loss.In the middle and late Iron Age, burial practices reflected a diverse community. In the area that is now Britain, an individual was buried in two separate areas. For instance, there are areas where single bones are buried, as well as locations where the rest of the body is found. During the Iron Age, the breaking down of the human body indicated ritual activities. This was done at death or shortly after with the use of excarnation. Excarnation is allowing the body to be exposed until it reaches the skeleton stage. At that point, the cranium is usually first to separate from the body, followed by the feet and hands.This process will usually involve the chopping of skin, or soft tissue (Redfern, 2008). Once body parts are separated, the secondary burial can be completed. The body processing also included breaking bones to remove joint cartilage. Archeologists have noti ced that the bones found in secondary sites usually have cut marks, and fractures (Redfern, 2008). The Neanderthal was different in its method of dealing with the dead. In fact, the Neanderthal buried its dead in a painstaking ritual that occurred in stages with the consumption of the deceased person’s body parts.Nevertheless, the Neanderthal left gifts on the graves of those who died. Statistics indicate that 40 percent of the graves that archeologists have examined have been of the very old or very young. That fact indicates that the civilization valued both its elderly and children (Friedermann, Muller, Hemm, 2008). The burial practices of the pre-pottery Neolithic civilization found individuals buried in shallow graves. Some graves contained only one person while others contained many. Archeologists discovered 21 artifacts related to 15 graves in Atlit-Yam, on the Northern coast of Israel.Most of the items were tools, axes, and other household items. The graves at this si te were simple. There were a few secondary burial sites, as some skulls were detached from the body. The burial site was covered with lime plaster on its surface (Galili, Eshed, Goher, Hershkovitz, 2005). In the third millennium burial practices in the Oman peninsula feature tombs circular in shape with un-worked stone that had a single ring around it. The tomb had between two and ten chambers within it. One tomb at the site of Unar 1 was large enough to hold the bodies of 438 people.A smaller tomb found at Unn an-Nar Island only held between 34-48 individuals. Inside of the tombs, archeologists found ceramics, soft-stone objects, bronze, beads and shells. These items and burial method indicates a collective manner of living. There were some cremations discovered in this period as well (Blau, 2001). A burial cave found in the Aleutian Islands dated back to 390 BD. gives a glimpse into the function of the society. Inside the cave were found hearths and work places. Human bones had ar ranged stones around them. There was an additional stone arrangement at the back of the cave.In front of the cave, in the habitation area, animal bones and artifacts were found. The bodies were in a sarcophagus in wood or stone coffins. There is some discussion among scholars that cave burials may have been just for the better off (West, Lefevre, Corbett, Crockford, 2003). Burial rites in Sophocles’ Athens featured the use of tombs more than cemeteries. The tombs are found along roads or at passageways or gates. Antigone believed that all people are entitled to burial. The words tumbos and herion mean mounds of the land that cover the deceased and mark where the individual is buried. The word, taphos means the tomb.The grave or tomb generally was located in a public location. The idea that the dead should be separated in some way from those living is not a part of the Greek culture. However, late 5th century walls have been found that divide up tombs from one family to anothe r. Monuments always face the street or public square. The Romans of the same era prohibited the burial of any individual within the city. (Patterson, 2006). Murders in this era were executed for their crime. After execution, they were stoned and thrown out of the city without being buried. Suicide victims were buried but not provided a headstone.People of good standing were given ceremonies that featured songs. Then they were placed in a decorated tomb (Patterson, 2006). Heroes and those killed in battle were given a public funeral with games, oration, and sacrifices. Solon devised the rules for burial in Athens. He said the deceased should be laid out within his home. The next day, he would be carried out of the house on the board he was laying on. When they carry the dead out, men will walk in the front of the procession. Women walk behind. In addition, no woman under age 60 could enter the chamber of the dead, or the tomb.(Patterson, 2006). This is quite different from the days o f Jesus where women were in charge of caring for the dead. In Medieval times there is a diverse burial rite found in the use of boats with regional and temporal variations found. The Sutton Hoo Mound is a large ship-type grave. Most of the boats used were dugout logboats. Some of the civilizations used boat timbers or boat parts to cover the grave area (Brooks, 2007). Scandinavia is well-known for its adoption of burial by boat. The Swedes and Norwegians practiced boat cremations; however, such is rare in Anglo-Saxon areas.The exception to this is the site at Sutton Hoo Mount three. At that site there is a tree-trunk made like a coffin that was used for cremation (Brooks, 2007). By the time the 18th century came around, most people in England were buried in unmarked graves in a churchyard. The ground was consecrated and the service was performed by an Anglican clergyman. He used the book, â€Å"Book of Common Prayers† for the service. In 1689, however, the idea of personalize d funerals and pre-planned ceremonies came into being. The more affluent bought coffins. This lead to the development of the undertaker profession (Gitting, 2007).The very affluent built themselves a mausoleum on their land. The most famous ceremony was for John Knill, the mayor of St. Ives. He established a trust and asked that a ceremony be performed every five years. The ritual featured ten girls, who were under the age of ten. It also featured two widows, the vicar, and mayor and customs officer. All paraded to the mausoleum on top of a hill. The ceremony featured dancing, and singing, â€Å"Old Hundredth, â€Å"All people that on earth do dwell† (Gitting, 2007). Ironically, the ceremony was last completed in 2006. After the American Civil War, the ideal of embalming became popular.Prior to this Americans relied on the European methods establish for the preservation of the body. The use of embalming gave family a chance to look at the person one last time and accept his or her death. Embalming was used after Lincoln’s death to allow him to lie in state for individuals to witness, (Funeral Industry, n. d. ) In conclusion, burial rites of differing civilizations tell us a story of how the people lived, as well as how they died. It explains their values, and speaks to the kind of society they lived within. For example, south of Cairo a 5,000 year old tomb was discovered.Inside of the tomb archeologists found the bones of 10 donkeys. (Burial Site, 2008). This indicates the value this civilization placed on the role of the animals. Therefore, burial rites explain much about ancient civilizations, but also tell us a great deal about ourselves. Although the rituals may have changed, the overall purpose is the same and that is to honor the dead. References Blau, S. (2001). Fragmentary endings: a discussion of 3rd-millennium BC burial practices in the Oman Peninsula. Antiquity, 75, (289), 557 Brooks, S. (2007). Boat-nvets in graves in pre-Viking Kent : Reassessing Anglo-Saxon boat burial traditions.Medieval Archeology, 51, (1), 1-18 Burial site a high honour for a lowly beast. (2008). In Mac lean’s, 121, (16), 55 Friedermann, S. , Muller, S. , Hemm, C. (2008). The Neanderthals. New York, NY: Routledge Publishing Company Funeral Industry. (n. d. ) In Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. Retrieved April 30, 2010, from, http://wwwdeathreference,con/En-Gh/funeral-industry. htm Galili, E. , Eshed, V. , Gopher, A. , Hershkovitz, A. (2005). Burial practices of the submerged pre-pottery Neolithic C site of Atlit-Yam, Northern Coast of Israel. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 339, 1-19Gitting, C. (2007). Eccentric or Enlightened? Unusual burial and commemoration in England, 1689-1823. Mortality, 12, (4), 321-349 Patterson, C. (2006). The place and practice in burial in Sophocles’ Athens. Helios, 33, 9-48 Redfern, R. (2008). New evidence for Iron Age secondary burial practice and bone modification from Guss age, All Saints and Maiden Castle (Dorset, England). Oxford Journal of Archeology, 27, (3), 281-301 West, D. , Leferve, C. , Corbett, D. , Crockford, S. (2003). A burial cave in the western Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Artic Anthropology, 40, (1), 70

Ethics Chapter 1 Quiz

Appendix 2 Instructions: Click on the box in front of your selected answer. When completed, save and post as an attachment. 1. Which term is used to refer to a subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than the members of a dominant group have over theirs? a. minority group b. majority group c. stratified group d. social group 2. In sociological terms, a majority is the same as a a. numerical minority. b. numerical majority. c. dominant group. d. subordinate group. 3. Members of a minority or subordinate group . generally marry outside their group. b. become a part of the group voluntarily. c. are political equals of the majority group. d. share physical or cultural characteristics that differ from the majority group. 4. All of the following are processes that may create subordinate groups except: a. immigration b. extermination c. annexation d. colonialism 5. Which term is used by sociologists to describe a group that is set apart from others because of obvious physical differences? a. social group b. ethnic group c. racial group d. formal group 6. Which of the following is considered a racial group? a. Puerto Ricans b. Jews c. African Americans d. all of these 7. The U. S. has used skin color as the standard for race designation with a. two categories: Black and White. b. an elaborate system describing various combinations of skin color, facial features, and hair texture. c. a continuum of most Black to most White. d. a focus on cultural differences. 8. Which term is used to describe a group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns? a. ocial group b. ethnic group c. racial group d. formal group 9. Ethnicity refers to a. racial differences. b. differences in physical and mental characteristics. c. cultural differences. d. citizenship. 10. Which of the following is considered an ethnic group? a. Puerto Ricans b. Irish Americans c. Mexican Americans d. all of these 11. Which of the following is NOT considered an ethnic group? a. Puerto Ricans. b. Italian Americans. c. Muslims. d. Polish Americans. 12. African American sociologist W. E. B. DuBois said in 1900 that the century’s major problem would be . class differences. b. the color-line. c. wars. d. poverty and disease. 13. Subordinate groups include a. Roman Catholics. b. women. c. deaf people. d. all of these 14. The concept of race is a. determined by blood type. b. predicated by skin shade increments. c. biologically based on genetically isolated groups. d. socially constructed. 15. Races can be clearly distinguished on the basis of a. skin color. b. blood type. c. genetic resistance to malaria. d. none of these 16. Traditional IQ tests tend to be biased against a. lower-class people. b. rural residents. . racial minorities. d. all of these 17. The hierarchical system for possession of wealth, prestige, or power is called a. ethnic groups. b. stratification. c. age. d. functionalism. 18. Which of the following theoretical perspectives tends to emphasize how the multiple parts of soci ety are structured to maintain its stability? a. conflict theory b. functionalist theory c. macrosociological theory d. labeling theory 19. Which of the following perspectives on race and ethnicity tends to emphasize group tensions between the privileged and the exploited? a. onflict b. macrosociology c. microsociology d. functionalist 20. The conflict perspective emphasizes a. social change. b. the redistribution of resources. c. the exploitation of minorities by dominant groups. d. all of these 21. Exaggerated generalizations about the characteristics of members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group are known as a. stereotypes. b. pluralities. c. scapegoats. d. self-fulfilling prophecies. 22. Stereotypes are applied to a. gamblers. b. lesbians. c. people with disabilities. d. all of these 23. In certain situations, we may respond to stereotypes and act on them, with the result that false definitions become accurate. This is known as the a. functionalist theory. b. exploitation theory. c. self-fulfilling prophecy. d. authoritarian personality 24. The formation of a subordinate-group-dominant-group relationship emerges through a. annexation. b. colonialism. c. migration. d. all of these 25. Which term refers to the physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, and social functions? a. assimilation b. amalgamation c. segregation d. pluralism