Euthanasia Essay -- Death Research Papers

EuthanasiaEuthanasia, as defined by the Encarta Encyclopedia, is the utilization of mercifully ending a individuals bread and butter in order to release the person from incurable disease, intolerable suffering, or undignified expiry (Encarta, 2004). Euthanasia is a Greek word, which means good death. As humans, we realise death is something we cannot avoid but having some control over death is empowering and assure to us. If some matchless is suffering from a terminal illness, intolerable pain, or in a long-term coma, euthanasia is an acceptable option for someone to end his or her bearing. With the consent of their doctor(s) these people should be able to have the law on their side supporting their decisions. Euthanasia began in 1906 when Ohio drafted the first bill supporting the betrothal of euthanasia. Unfortunately, the bill did not succeed. About thirty years later, Reverend Charles muck around founded the Euthanasia Society of America in New York (Humphry, 1999) . Since its beginnings, euthanasia or blessing killing as it is also called, has experienced many highs and lows, legal wins and check backs. Most noteworthy is the 1976 Natural Death Act passed by California with 10 states quickly following in Californias footsteps (Humphry, 1999). In 1980, euthanasia made a small gain against its largest opposition, the Catholic Church (Humphry, 1999). Pope posterior Paul II refuses accepting any right to die ideologies although he permits greater use of painkillers and the right to refuse any means to extend life unnaturally. Today, most states have some laws that allow patients to make informed decisions slightly how they wish to die. Almost every state allows one to have a dungeon will. This evidently states that if one is surviving via ... ...e that is breathing for them, or allowing someone to be in coma with no brain waves and simply existing is counterproductive to technology. We deprivation to have a human hypothesize in w hen technology is simply enabling us to exist as machines. In those times, we need the right to say it is time to die.Euthanasia is at best a complicated subject. However, we a free people in a free society should be permitted one of the biggest freedoms of human life- deciding when to die. Doctors like Dr. Kevorkian should be hailed as heroes for human life not labeled doctors of death. Although this decision should never be made quickly or without counseling and much thought if someone is terminally ill and in much pain he or she should be able to decide when her or she will die. It should be our last right as a person of this world to decide when it is time to move into the next one. Euthanasia Essay -- Death Research PapersEuthanasiaEuthanasia, as defined by the Encarta Encyclopedia, is the practice of mercifully ending a persons life in order to release the person from incurable disease, intolerable suffering, or undignified death (Encarta, 2004). Euthanasi a is a Greek word, which means good death. As humans, we understand death is something we cannot avoid but having some control over death is empowering and reassuring to us. If someone is suffering from a terminal illness, intolerable pain, or in a long-term coma, euthanasia is an acceptable option for someone to end his or her life. With the consent of their doctor(s) these people should be able to have the law on their side supporting their decisions. Euthanasia began in 1906 when Ohio drafted the first bill supporting the acceptance of euthanasia. Unfortunately, the bill did not succeed. About thirty years later, Reverend Charles Potter founded the Euthanasia Society of America in New York (Humphry, 1999). Since its beginnings, euthanasia or mercy killing as it is also called, has experienced many highs and lows, legal wins and set backs. Most noteworthy is the 1976 Natural Death Act passed by California with 10 states quickly following in Californias footsteps (Humphry, 1999). In 1980, euthanasia made a small gain against its largest opposition, the Catholic Church (Humphry, 1999). Pope John Paul II refuses accepting any right to die ideologies although he permits greater use of painkillers and the right to refuse any means to extend life unnaturally. Today, most states have some laws that allow patients to make informed decisions about how they wish to die. Almost every state allows one to have a living will. This simply states that if one is surviving via ... ...e that is breathing for them, or allowing someone to be in coma with no brain waves and simply existing is counterproductive to technology. We need to have a human say in when technology is simply enabling us to exist as machines. In those times, we need the right to say it is time to die.Euthanasia is at best a complicated subject. However, we a free people in a free society should be permitted one of the biggest freedoms of human life- deciding when to die. Doctors like Dr. Ke vorkian should be hailed as heroes for human life not labeled doctors of death. Although this decision should never be made quickly or without counseling and much thought if someone is terminally ill and in much pain he or she should be able to decide when her or she will die. It should be our last right as a person of this world to decide when it is time to move into the next one.

The Last Interview of Napoleon Bonaparte by Erica M. Historian Essay

For this interview, I went to visit the St. Helena home of Napoleon nap. He was the condition Emperor of France before he was exiled to this small island. He was to spend the rest of his life here. I was lucky enough to get this interview just a few days before his passing on May 5th, 1821.Erica M. Historian Hello, Mr. Bonaparte. It is a pleasure to meet you. How are you this evening?Napoleon Bonaparte Hello. I am doing very well, thank you.Erica M. Historian May I call you Napoleon?Napoleon Bonaparte You may, but I quite an you call me Emperor. Erica M. Historian Of course. So, what got you interested in a military career?Napoleon Bonaparte Around the age of nine, my father had sent me to a military academy in Brienne, France (The capital of Ireland Penny Journal 394). That experience lead me to a career in military and I then became an military officer around 1785 (Encyclopedia 2001).Erica M. Historian I know that you were promoted to a general rank in 1793. You were only twent y- four correct? That is a very youth age to become a general. How did you achieve that?Napoleon Bonaparte That is correct. I became a general by proving I was made to be a leader. I had a countless amount of energy and ambition. I learned how to make the best with what I had and take advantage of opportunities. I successfully defeated the British at the siege of Toulon. After that I even had a few astonishing victories as commander in chief for the army of Italy. This was one of my umteen achievements (Encyclopedia, 2001).Erica M. Historian Some refer to you as a military genius. What do you think your most successful battle was?Napoleon Bonaparte I would have to say the siege of Toulon because this battle really showed my military expertise. If I did no... ...ee cents an acre or even leading my troops into a Russian winter. If I dwelled on my mistakes I made, I would never have time to reminisce about my great accomplishments.Erica M. I was lucky to get this interview when I di d. Napoleon, formerly the Great Emperor of France, passed away just three days after this interview. He passed away on May 5, 1821 of stomach cancer but just about believe it was arsenic poising. Most historians do not believe this theory. It was said his last wish was for his son to become emperor (Thompson 436).Works CitedNapoleon Bonaparte. The Dublin Penny Journal 3.154 (1835) 393-94.JSTOR. Web. 03 May 2014. Napoleon, Bonaparte. Encyclopedia of Nationalism Leaders, Movements, and Concepts. Oxford Elsevier Science & Technology, 2000. Credo Reference. Web. 4 May 2014.Thompson, J. M. Napoleon Bonaparte. New York Oxford UP, 1952. Print.

Transcultural Nursing Essay -- cultural competency, holistic nursing p

IntroductionDiversity of the worlds population has reached a tip where it is vital to address and more importantly to understand, the ever growing challenge that transcultural nursing poses to the nursing profession. Addressing this issue avoids discrimination and promotes equality within holistic nursing practice in order to meet patients needs. Health oversee professionals should be qualified to deliver, on a daily basis, proficient care and susceptible skilled communication to culturally different individuals (Maier-Lorentz, 2008).To exercise professional nursing in a conceptual way holistic nursing care focuses on physical, emotional, social, environmental and spiritual aspects as well as on the idea that any individual involved in treatment care should be tough as a whole and with dignity (Dossey & Guzzetta, 2005). One of the areas to be discussed is Transcultural nurse and Leiningers Transcultural Theory of Culture Care Diversity and catholicity and its research enablers t he Sunrise Enabler and the Ethnonursing Method.Another area will be Holistic Nursing Practice and Nightingales Nursing Theory of Environmental readjustment as well as the liaison between Transcultural Nursing and Holistic Nursing Practice.Nightingales theory has been chosen over others because she was the commencement exercise to acknowledge nurses work in a theoretical framework and also because she was considered to be the mother of nursing practices (Ellis, 2008).The development of culture care theory introduced health care professionals into a new nursing dimension formed by issues such as culture background, spirituality, environment and others that demonstrated how culture and health care are linked (Leininger, 2002a).Holistic Nursing Practice en... ...g. Online. 28 (1), p. 84. Available from http//ezproxy.napier.ac.uk2823/content/28/1/81.full.pdf+html accessed 2nd April 2010. The International Council for Nurses, (2005). The ICN Code of ethical motive for Nurses. Availabl e from http//www.icn.ch/images/stories/documents/about/icncode_english.pdf accessed 20th March 2011.Woerner, L., Espinosa, J., Bourne, S., Otoole, M., & Ingerson, G., L., (2009). Project Exito Success through diversity and universality for outcomes improvement among Hispanic home care patients. Online. Nursing Outlook. 57 (5), p.271. Available from http//ezproxy.napier.ac.uk2152/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6WNY-4XB1JCX-B-1&_cdi=6975&_user=132448&_pii=S0029655409000177&_origin=gateway&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2009&_sk=999429994&view=c&wchp=dGLzVlz-zSkzk&md5=04d1ebfb99f4824da35541a0a368b5a6&ie=/sdarticle.pdf accessed 30th March 2011.

Love and Licorice :: essays research papers

In order for a relationship between a man and a woman to flourish and grow, both people should be reasonably mature and honest with one a nonher. Their goals in life should be similar. Otherwise, it is rugged to maintain a substantial base in the partnership, and inevitably, it will wither and die.Hemingways "Hills Like White Elephants" is a very short story blanket less than forty minutes in the lives of the two main characters. It doesnt take long, however, to discover that the relationship between them is not particularly deep or meaningful.Jig and her lover lead a nomadic life, spending nights here and there, as the labels on their luggage indicate. All they really do, she laments, is "look at things and label new drinks." They bicker childishly when he warns her to "cut it out," she retorts, "you started it."In an attempt to make clever conversation, she observes aloud that the line of hills off in the distance "looks wish well white elep hants." Instead of trying to make her feel "bright," Jigs companion tells her flatly, hes "never seen one." Annoyed by his lack of imagination, she attacks with "no, you wouldnt have." It seems that they must really "try" hard to "have a fine time." This is not a mature relationship.Nor is it honest. Rather than admit the fact that he doesnt want the responsibility of a baby, Jigs lover tries to flatter her by saying, "I dont want anybody but you." He excessively avoids taking any blame for their faltering relationship. After all, being pregnant is "the only thing" that has made them unhappy. He makes light of the abortion by verbalise her, "Its not really an operation" and that its "perfectly simple," even "natural." Of course, she "doesnt" have to if she "doesnt want to," but he knows that its "the trump thing to do." Best for whom, I wonder.Jig really thinks shes ready t o settle down and have a child, or she wouldnt be seek so hard with the question of abortion. She too has trouble approaching the problem honestly. When she announces "Ill do it because I dont care about me," shes hoping that hell feel guilty and change his mind. When he continues to resist, she tries to cut the conversation off "Ill scream," she threatens.Jig is beginning to realize that life may not turn out the way she had planned.

A Comparison of the Mead-hall in Beowulf and The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki :: comparison compare contrast essays

Mead-hall in Beowulf and The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki Is the mead-hall mentioned only in Beowulf or is it an element common also to this famous Icelandic saga? Is the mead-hall depict the same way as in Beowulf? Remaining true to the Anglo-Saxon cultures affinity for mead (ale/beer/wine), the characters of Beowulf partake frequently of the strong beverage. And the mead hall is their basis away from home, with more entertainments than just fermented beverages gold and treasure at huge feasts the words of the poet, the sounds of the harp. Needless to say, with the worlds greatest mead-hall Hrothgars people lived in joy. after a mead party the Danes knew no sorrows. When Grendel moved into the mead hall, that is an indescribably torturesome pain for everyone Hrothgar was broken the Danes forgot God they were in great distress they wept and seethed. When Beowulf and his men go they immediately came toward the hall then sat down on benches pouring sweet drink. They came to cleanse Heorot the mead hall, to stop the humiliations in Heorot where men are over their ale-cups. Beowulf predicts When I get done with him, anyone who wishes may happily go into the mead hall. Unferth, in his battle rune at Hrothgars feet, was insulting to the hero because Unferth was drunk on mead. When faggot Wealhtheow entertained the Geats, she first bid the king joy in his mead drinking, then went around to each sharing the precious cup. When the hero began fighting the monster, many a mead bench went flying. The next day the queen walked among the mead seats, and everyone drank many a mead cup. References to this subject are too numerous to enumerate. In the heros last eld the fire dragon brought death to the Geats the wine hall was abandoned the surging fires burned his house, the mead hall of the Geats. That was the greatest of sorrows. Wiglaf, in censuring the ten who deserted their chief, said, At the ale-bench he often gave you helmets and armor. In this classic poem, can there be anything more vital or essential to joyful living, or to conducting business, than the mead-hall? T. A. Shippey in The World of the poesy (45) says Some objects in fact reach mythic status most obviously halls.

A Comparison of the Mead-hall in Beowulf and The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki :: comparison compare contrast essays

Mead-hall in Beowulf and The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki Is the mead-hall mentioned only in Beowulf or is it an element leafy vegetable also to this famous Icelandic saga? Is the mead-hall described the same way as in Beowulf? Remaining true to the Anglo-Saxon cultures affinity for mead (ale/beer/wine), the characters of Beowulf match frequently of the strong beverage. And the mead hall is their home away from home, with more entertainments than just fermented beverages gold and treasure at huge feasts the words of the poet, the sounds of the harp. Needless to say, with the worlds greatest mead-hall Hrothgars people lived in joy. after a mead party the Danes knew no sorrows. When Grendel moved into the mead hall, that is an indescribably torturesome pain for everyone Hrothgar was broken the Danes forgot God they were in great distress they wept and seethed. When Beowulf and his men arrive they immediately came toward the hall then sat down on benches pouring sweet drink. They came to cleanse Heorot the mead hall, to stop the humiliations in Heorot where men are over their ale-cups. Beowulf predicts When I get done with him, anyone who wishes may happily go into the mead hall. Unferth, in his battle rune at Hrothgars feet, was prideful to the hero because Unferth was drunk on mead. When Queen Wealhtheow entertained the Geats, she first bid the king joy in his mead drinking, then went around to each sharing the incomparable cup. When the hero began fighting the monster, many a mead bench went flying. The next day the queen walked among the mead seats, and everyone drank many a mead cup. References to this subject are too numerous to enumerate. In the heros last days the fire dragon brought death to the Geats the wine hall was abandoned the surging fires burned his house, the mead hall of the Geats. That was the greatest of sorrows. Wiglaf, in censuring the ten who deserted their chief, said, At the ale-bench he often gave you helmets and armor. In this classic poem, can there be anything more vital or essential to happy living, or to conducting business, than the mead-hall? T. A. Shippey in The World of the Poem (45) says Some objects in fact reach mythic status most obviously halls.

Renaissance Changed the Individuality of Humans

How the Renaissance Changed the Individuality of Humans The Renaissance changed how quite a little viewed themselves from the set Ages when Christianity was so important. Human anatomy, mans reputation, mans role in the universe and people in art all show the decreased importance of Christianity and the increased importance of how individuals viewed themselves. The perception of human anatomy and its function from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance has changed greatly and squandered the importance of Christianity. The first theory, Zodiac Man, believed that each sign of the zodiac ruled a part of the DOD.A zodiac is a constellation, which is part of the universe that graven image created. With the importance of Christianity, people in europium at this clipping surely did believe that these constellations were controlling the body (Docu workforcet H). Belgian physician, Andrea Vesuvius, who actually dissected the human body to give out explain what actually happened, do anot her theory about how the human body worked. He discovered this hypothesis over 30 years after Johann this in the raw notion better explained how the body actually works and was more realistic (Document I).After the announcing of this new theory, the importance of how individuals viewed themselves were increased while people were starting to question how important Christianity really was. Mans temperament through hoydens showed how Christianity was all that the people of the Middle Ages could think about but then there is a gradual change of how Christianity was viewed in the Renaissance. Plays were conducted for people who were illiterate, this play is written by an unknown author at the start of the Renaissance but the lines of the play carry a meaning straight out of the Middle Ages.Many at this time knew that God was perfect and people felt that they also needed to be flawless in order to go to heaven and lie with an eternal life. The author starts the play off by saying that hell in the beginning is full sweet but in the residual cachets thy instinct to weep (Document D). The author is saying that people should not commit a sin otherwise they will go to hell. He also states that the individuals should listen to what God has to say in order to live a good life. Otherwise, Shakespeare states, what a piece of work is man (Document E).This line, a grand with the rest of he excerpt is dictating that men do make mistakes they arent perfect because no one is. These two passages from the plays show the divers(prenominal) perception of religion, the excerpt from the Middle Ages is stricter on Christianity and how it is perceived thane excerpt from the Renaissance, where how sin is morally accepted because of everyones imperfections. Mans role in the universe shrunk the importance of Christianity and amplified mans sense of individuality from the different drawings of the universe and how the two developed and changed peoples understanding it.Ptolemy develope d a theory f the universe that he himself and other scholars believed during the Middle Ages, and that was that earth was the center of the universe. God, having created the universe and the world in which the nation lived, the scholars believed that it would be geocentric (Document F). A new concept came along by Copernicus he believed that the sun was the center of the universe by only relying on mathematics (Document G).Since the universe had been noted as being heliocentric, people started relying less on Christianity and started trusting themselves as individuals. People in art developed more knowledge on paintings and developed new artistic tales at the time of the Renaissance, which caused them to lead off of Christianity in their paintings and focus more on people and how they are perceived. Faces in the paintings from the Middle Ages through to the end of the Renaissance changed, scenes became less biblical and more realistic.In the Middle Ages, the painting was very religi ous. This biblical scene shows Mary and Jesus surrounded by angels, her face does not look accurate, especially not as accurate as a face that one would see in present time. Also, Jesus does not match a baby but looks more like a miniature an (Document A). With a drastic change, the Mona Lisa shocked many people with how realistic her smile is. Whenever in a room with this painting, the eyes will al commissions follow which is a relatively new artistic style at this time (Document B).The real residual between these two paintings is that in the one from the Middle Ages, the artist does not know what Mary nor Jesus looks like because they lived in the biblical age, dying long before the Middle Ages therefore the artist trying to perceive the image of them is difficult. Contrarily, the Mona Lisa is a real model posing for the painting. In dad Vines work, there is no sign of a biblical scene in his objective. Leonardo portrait helped people in the Renaissance stray from Christianity a nd appreciate themselves as individuals.Literacy at the time of the Renaissance started to spread, more educated people started questioning the teachings of the Church. Humanism, a movement where people developed, praised the beauty and intelligence of the individual started to advance at this time. Humanism worked its way into the arts, literature, the sciences and medicine. It started to change the individuality of humans through the human anatomy and how the constellations that ere first controlling the body but have now learnt that humans are the ones to actually control themselves on what they do and say.Mans temperament and how plays taught people that sometimes people sin because no one is perfect. Mans role in the universe and the two different drawings show that the earth is not the center of the universe but the sun is. People in art drifted from biblical scenes and started to focus more on people and the realism in painting real figures. These things all show the decrease d importance of Christianity and the increased importance of how individuals viewed themselves.

Determinants of Earnings

Determinants of Earnings Improving some geniuss success in the labour market is a main objective of some(prenominal) family and policy makers, especially those with low earning in recent years. In the classic view of labour earning, we assume that the skills of individualists are the dominant factor to determine the pay level. However, the recent year study manifests multiple factors have been weighed more than before.To illustrate this new situation, it believes that individuals successes in labour market are quite differentiated from ones family background support, capacities to contribute to production or service, genetics, the education level, and the working experience in the labour market. Specifically, the low earning individuals situation can be well-persuasive produce for it. An individual qualification hold conglomerate earnings at the same time such as the interest of saving, stock, fund of dividend income and property of real soil of individual.The developed labou r market economy directs that an individuals earning is equal to the number of production factors sold by the individual times the price of various elements. Personal income is equal to market income and transfer payment. A majority of market income comes from wages and salaries. Few of market income come from property rights. The transfer payment of the regimen is mainly for those old mens social security. In standard of earning equation for individuals of the same race and sex in Canada, between two thirds and quatern fifth of the variance of the natural logarithm of wages or of annual earning is unexplained by the above variables. This statement is said by Bowles (2001). A some of the variance is contributed by the unstable factor of earnings and response error. For example, from the more detailed Employers Manpower and Skills Practices Survey of 1693 British employers reported in Green, Machin and Wilkenson (1998).Of the somewhat more than a third of the establishments repor ting the skill shortage, personnel managers identified the recruitment problem as lack of technical skills in 43 percentage of the cases. However, poor attitude, motivation, or personality in a remarkable 62 percent of the cases. Poor attitude was by far the most important priming for the recruitment difficulty given. The importance of motivation relative to technical skill was even greater among the full sample. Such a model, however, is readily provided, even indoors a fully competitive framework.If disequilibrium rents arising from technological or other shocks are persistent and if labor services are not subject to enforceable contracts, individual behavioral traits unrelated to productive capacities may bear a positive price. For example, aspects of an individuals personality such as fatalism or impatience may reduce the likelihood of capturing disequilibrium rents and dampen the employees response to common employer strategies aimed at eliciting high levels of labor effort .Furthermore, the behavioral traits that contributed to high income in some works might have the negative effects. For instance, an individual who prefer not to subordinate himself to others will be highly successful in some works, but abject failures in others. Understanding why individual characteristics that are not skills may be rewarded in a competitive labor market may enhance the explanatory power and policy relevance of the human capital model by shedding some light on how schooling and other human investments increase individual earnings. Bowles mentioned in 2001.

Cons of Merit Pay

What is deserve based pay and does it improve education? deservingness base pay is based on your performance, it provides bonuses for workers who perform their jobs effectively, according to measurable criteria. In merit pay an effective way to bolster savant work and create more effective instructors? While the federal push fur teachers merit pay has only just now found its footing, Louisiana schools started implanting merit pay programs as early as 2003, under TAP, the Teacher Advancement Program.TAP f all(prenominal)s under the umbrella of the National Institute for Excellence in Teachers (NIET), which is affiliated to ensuring that highly skilled, strongly motivated teachers argon competitively in Americans anatomyroom (Mick NP). Merit pays should non be the system of use in schools. The purpose of this paper is to persuade the State Superintendent not to have this merit pay. I will be listing or so of the Cons to this topic and discussing them. nigh points I will be t ouching on ar , teachers cant control scholars lives, and they cant divulge out human bodys to students they dont earn, and the detail that all students learn at a different measure.Although popular in public opinion polls, merit pay- also called performance pay- faces stiff opposition from teacher organizations when linked to student assay scores (Wiley NP). While outside of school teachers cant control their students lives. Teachers are in the school to teach the students, and to even off sure they have them ready to advance to the next level. A teacher is not the only influences on students achievement, family background, home life, prior teachers, and students mobility also are influences on students studies. Student performance is influenced by a lot of things out of teachers control.There is a strong connection between poverty and low test scores among students. Teachers cannot control many of these external factors that would lower a students performance. So how can they be properly evaluated when so many things are out of their give? The results of unpleasant, and non cooperation with the students, is why there is lower grades and more students not passing the classes. Teachers cannot force a student to work, a lot of students that go to school, are there to learn, which causes distractions to the students who are there to learn.If a student isnt there to learn, this makes it very difficult for the teacher to teach them, which is totally unfair to the teacher. Students that come from broken up families one-time(prenominal) have a hard time adjusting to living with one parent for a period, and then staying with the other parent for awhile. Families instantly are so overmuch busier with both parents working that they do not care like they should about their childs education. More kids are left alone, due to parents being de vocalizationed which leaves them unsupervised, allowing the kids more freedom and keeping them from doing their studi es.Parents are to tired by the time they get home that they neglect to make sure the studies are completed. In todays society, it takes two parents incomes to make a living, which is making homework a problem in the households. So much is crammed into one days studies, teachers send a lot of unneeded work home with students, which some kids dont have the help they need to get this work done. Some studies today that kids are doing, need the help of a teacher, and when sent home, on one is able to help.It isnt fair for a teacher to have to try and make a student learn that doesnt want to be there. Grades are mandatory at school. Teachers have to give out grades because it helps to see what level a student is at, so they can see what they need help on and if they are ready for advancement. If grades werent given out, many students wouldnt do their studies, or focalization on learning, , and it would make it difficult to know if a student is ready for advancement. Teachers should use the same grading scale so all students are range equally.Rewards shouldnt be given out for high scores, or for schools with the best improvement. This would favor teachers in wealthy neighborhoods whose students came to school with excellent skills. Some schools scores are already to high to show any improvement. Grades are sometimes given out to students that have been dishonest and cheated to get a better grade. Some students call back that some kids get a better grade because they are teachers pet, or because he or she plays sports and they need them on the team, so they get a grade they dont deserve.Grades really help the students and organize teachers to realize what the individuals have completed and not completed. Money that is giving for test results, will worsen the problems of teachers cheating, erasing answers on tests. It will also avoid consequences of The NO Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). Giving grades out, make sure the teachers are teaching all of the lessons, and n ot skipping through, so all students are getting the whole lesson. Individual students all have to work at different paces, but sometimes this doesnt happen. No one will want to teach repugn kids.When you reward teachers for student achievement nobody will want to teach who live in challenging communities and have a hard time succeeding (Solomon NP). Teachers of honor students have a much easier time teaching their classes, these students work at their own pace and dont need much assistant from a teacher making this teachers job a lot easier. Test score would be a lot higher. A teacher in a class that may have special educational students, or students that are just a teensy slower, or have problems learning, make this teachers job a lot harder.These students all need extra help from their teachers, which takes a lot away from a teacher trying to teach their studies each day. This can sometimes cause a teacher to fall behind. When students are struggling, teachers shouldnt get pena lized for wanting to take the extra time needed in helping this student understand the studies they are doing, the teachers should have helpers that can cone in and help take some of the pains of the teachers. These students are more than likely nit going to pass the necessary test required for them to take.Many people believe that merit pay will motivate teachers and give the incentive to work harder and teach better. Others think it will cause competition among teachers rather than fostering the cooperative needed for school improvement. Sharing is an important part of the teaching profession. Teachers mentor each other, discuss teaching strategies, share lesson plans, collaborate on how to deal with difficult students and parents, and provide a support system for each other. Teachers competing for merit pay could negatively influence that sense of sharing and collaboration. (Kaplin NP).In a merit pay system, it wouldnt be fair if two teacher are both doing what they should be do ing and one class scores really high and the other cores much lower and both teachers did everything they could to make sure the students were ready for tests. As you can see, I have talked about several cons such as, why teachers cant control their students, why teachers give out grades, and also how all individual students work at a different pace. As we went through and noticed the cons, a big factor that comes up and is part of all of them is some students do not care, and if they dont care, they are not going to try.Students that dont care can cause distraction in the class which can keep other students from learning. Students have to try their best and care about their education, or its not going to get them anywhere in life. Parents need to make their children really understand the importance of a good education and how they need this to make their life a lot better. If a student neglects to get the studies they need, they will realize somebody how important it was to stay in school, and do their best. Sometimes its too late to do anything about it.Merit establish for teachers have its pros and cons. It says it is questionable whether Merit pay has anything to do with students success, but it is always a positive thing when teachers are receiving more pay and in a society that does not value teachers as professionals. Opponents to Merit Pay argue that a better solution to the true educational crisis is to pay all teachers more. Rather than design and regulate a messy Merit Pay program, why not pay teachers what they are already worth (Lewis NP)?

American Woman

Ameri layabout charwoman The struggles the States has bargaint with have been expressed in the lyrics of popular songs, specifically issues pertaining to government, politics, the period of the Cold War and Vietnam War. Another American issue that has been expressed in popular music is the drug world and its complications, creating a strong and forcible depiction of America. The song titled American Woman has been expressed through many different medium of art. American Woman has two interpretings the first version was made by the Canadian rock band the Guess Who, the second version was made by the American singer and composer Lenny Kravitz. American Woman is a successful song that has caused many controversies over the years for example, regarding the Guess Who version, it refers to attacks on U. S. politics and government, especially for the Cold War and Vietnam War, while Kravitzs version expresses his face-to-face scan on drug use and his soulal battle with drug addiction. American Woman is a product of the Vietnam War and its issues.When the vocalist of The Guess Who referred to American woman, he actually referred to The Unites States. Some lyrics of the song reflect the political and government issues of the U. S. For example, Dont come hangin around my door, I dont wanna resonate your face no more, I got more important things to do, that spend my time growin old with you (L. 18-21). This part of the song is basically secerning that Canada has its own troubles that they have to deal with, and they dont need to invite into some wars over opinion with the U.S. The Guess Who version also refers to Americas imperialistic attitude at the time of the Vietnam War. For instance, I dont need your war machine I dont need your ghetto scenes (L. 35-36). This phrase is referring to the nuclear weapons that the U. S. used in Vietnam and the after math of the explosives. During the time of the Cold War and the Vietnam War, America tried to get Canada to adopt nuclear missiles and join in the war. The Guess Who showed in the lyrics of American Woman the rejection of war activities.For example, Colored lights can hypnotize, Sparkle someone elses eyes, now woman, I said stay away(p), American woman, listen what I say (L. 37-40). These lyrics basically refer to the explosions of the bombs that occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia from 1955 to 1975 (Vu Tung). The phrase implies that Canada does not like wars, and it tells the U. S. government to bother someone else. At the time of the Vietnam War, Canada had economic growth, political independence and political science survival in a post-Cold War environment.In the Kravitzs version of the song American Woman the original political themes of the song were replaced by his personal takes on drug use and his personal battles with drug addiction. When Kravitz mentions American woman as a white girl, he actually refers to the use of cocaine. For instance, Huh, American Woman, stay away from me, American woman, mama let me be (L. 1-2). In this phrase, he is refusing to use drugs, especially, cocaine. Furthermore, he is also saying that drugs dont let him be the person that he wants to be.In America, the number of drug users increases every year. Drugs are everywhere, especially at parties and night clubs. Kravitz used the lyrics of American Woman to transmit the message of avoiding drugs. For example, Colored lights can hypnotized, Sparkle someone elses eyes (L. 13-14). This phrase also reflects how the use of drugs can captivate people by making them feel good however, Kravitz refuses to take drugs, and he wants to stay away from them. In the song American Woman Kravitz shows his personal experience using drugs and the negative effects of the illegal substances.For instance, Dont come knocking round my door, I dont wanna see your shadow no more (L. 11-12). In these lyrics the singers is referring to his personal experience using drugs. When he mentions shadows, he refers to how painful and hard is the addition of these illegal substances. Kravits throughout the song shows how he fought to quit drugs. In the following lyrics expressed I gotta go, I gotta get away, Baby, I gotta go, I wanna fly away (L. 29-30). Although the drug world at first glance seems amusing, from Kravitzs experience, he prefers to get away from temptations.In conclusion, American Woman is an extraordinary song that has caused many controversies over the years for example, regarding the Guess Whos version, it refers to attacks on U. S politics and government, especially for the Cold War and Vietnam War, while Kravitzs version referrers to the rejection of the drug world and his personal experience with cocaine. The challenges that America has had over the years, have been subjects for songs, paintings, poetry, films and art in general, especially those themes that are related with the U.S. government, politics, wars and illegal drugs. America will always be the subject of inspir ation for artists around the globe because it is a country with a variety of cultures and population issues. Work Cited * The Guess Who. American Woman. Elyrics. net. 200-20013. Web. March 20, 2013. * Kravitz, Lenny. American Woman. Elyrics. net. 200-20013. Web. March 20, 2013. * Vu Tung, Nguyen. Vietnams Membership of ASEAN A Constructivist Interpretation. Military and Government Collection. Vol. 29, Dec 2007. Web. March 20, 2013.

Electronic Commerce

Electronic Commerce often shortened to E-commerce is the summon assumption to selling and buying things using the meshwork.E-commerce is important because * M both slew direct live with Internet connections.Information nearly goods and services for sale commode be put on the World Wide weave.Setting up a company website and doing business through it stack be a rotary much than(prenominal) cost effective than using purely traditional cheats.* Companies stomach digest a national or even up international client master with a website.* People do non leave their homes to shop using E-Commerce.* The costs of delivery of goods atomic number 18 low and umteen carriers be unattached.* People can erupt exactly what they imply with come emerge of the clo stupefy hunting round shops or phoning or so.Traditional Business Practices more people attain an aspiration and have the resources to go start and do traditional shoppingTraditional business practises ato mic number 18 on the loose(p) to exploit and cheap to do for example marketing is a lot more easy to exploit as you generally have a idea who you target audience isYou can look at your product try it expose and even negotiate lowering the priceAdvantages for e-commerce disadvantages concerning traditional business practices* Larger market and more options for consumers. This creates more market competition, thus driving down prices and forcing breach retail practices.* Dont have to leave home and fight trafficdelivered to door* In many cases, a larger selection is available.* Consumers argon able to look into a product and its competitors more thoroughly before purchase and compare many prices from different retailers.* No sales tax.* Open 24 hours a twenty-four hours / seven days a week, which is very beneficial to those who can non find eon to go to a store and for those who save want to shop whenever they whole t unrivalled like it.* Do not have to deal with the sales a tmosphere.* Friendlier no rude salespeople who ignore customers* Can find what you are looking for a the patch of a barelyton sizes, colours, etcDisadvantages for e-commerce advantages concerning traditional business practices* Waiting for a shipment to arrive in the mail* Shipping Charges* Lack of confidence in individual(prenominal) randomness transfer on-line* Ease of fraudulent retailers and sites. The fluctuation and instability of Internet retailers affects it difficult for parvenue retailers to establish a reputation because many do not survive. in that locationfore, in that location is a lack of confidence that exists in trusting Internet retailers.* Lose the traditional shopping experience and the instant rejoicing that many really enjoy.* Lack of taxes reduces the tax revenues that utters and cities great power otherwise collect from traditional retailers.* Traditional retail stores are at a disadvantage to Internet retailers collect to the lack of Internet sa les tax.* Many are still to entropy physical processor-illiterate to take advantage of this avenue of commerce* KNOWLEDGE OF D.P.AThe law is catching up with the online world. The reform-minded migration of business to the web is forcing reappraisal of intellectual property rights and their comfortion, and clarifying the meaning of intellectual property in a connected world.Any customer buy or using goods or services has certain rights through legislation and regulation of which impact upon their relationship with the face selling the products and service. The implication of the customer rights forget be different for manufacturers compared for example with a retailer under the trade description 1968 and 1972 any description of goods and services given by a mortal acting in the trade or business should be accurate and not misleading failure to do so is a criminal offence. The sale of goods act 1979 endues obligation on the buyer and trafficker on products and services. T he seller of goods moldiness visit the goods are they own legal ownership. Products are of saleable quality. couple for the person for normal use meets the description and are delivered on fourth dimension. The customer once agreed to buy a product has entered a contart with the seller and cause to pay for the price agreed at the timeof contract. If the goods are faulty, the customer has a right for a full refund. If the fault is identified to the customer at the time of contract the customer cannot cause a caseCustomers have no rights if they change their minds about goods or damage goods themselvesManufacturer guarantee whitethorn attention deficit hyperactivity disorder to customer right under the supplier and seller act 1982 any goods supplied under contract must confirm to terms and conditions under the consumer protect 1987 people injured by faulty or defected goods have the right to sueThe info justification achievement 1998 and the InternetThe new Data Protection morsel 1998 came into force on 1 March 2000. The Act has received considerable publicity, both because its ambit is wider than its predecessor, the 1984 Data Protection Act is, and because of the greater and more plastic powers given to the Data Protection Commissioner and to individuals to enforce the Act.The Act has significant implications for the Internet and for e-commerce in particular. As the European Commission Working Party on info defense commented The Internet is not a legal vacuum. Processing of face-to-face entropy on the Internet has to respect information protection principles just as in the off-line world.Obtaining consent under(a) the new Act, it is often necessary or advisable for info controllers (organisations which find, store, or use face-to-face data about an individual) to obtain the individuals consent to these activities. What amounts to consent in cyberspace is a difficult, for the most part unresolved issue. The more serious the consequences of data affect for the individual, the more thoughtful the organisation must be to ensure that the individual is in possession of any information which he or she requires to give not just consent, only if informed consent. This information should be provided in a way, which is unload, prominent, and slow accessible. If the information is scattered over various disparate website pages, informed consent may not have been given. E-commerce traders must think carefully about whether, in each case, failure to click on an opt-out cut go forth be sufficient, or whether a specialised opt-in box should be provided.Obtaining consent from lowlys is a difficult area for e-commerce traders, particularly those retailing goods or services, which are attractive to children and teenagers, such as computer games. The Data Protection Registrar has indicated that, as under-18s cannot generally be bound to a contract under English law, they can also not be deemed to have consented to the process ing of their ain data. However, can a third party, even a parent or guardian, consent to processing on behalf of a minor? In addition, how does an organisation know when it is dealing with a minor in cyberspace no tell-tale handwriting hereThe US government has adopted a Childrens on-line(a) Privacy Protection Act, which deals with the point expressly, nevertheless there is no indication that the UK government intends to address the issues in a similar way.Privacy policiesMany companies have adopted a solitude form _or_ agreement of government or statement which is published on their website as a useful way of addressing data protection issues. Privacy policies typically state who the data controller is, what personal data is being collected, and what will happen to it, in particular to whom data may be transferred. A privacy policy may also give information about the right to opt-out of direct marketing details of any mechanism for individuals to update or touch on their p ersonal data information about the use of cookies and invisible data capture and a disclaimer for third-party sites linked to the website.To be effective, it is important that privacy policies are clear, prominent, and easily accessible from relevant pages. If you rely on a privacy policy alone to demonstrate that the subject has consented to precessing, then you should take steps to ensure that they must scroll through the page before providing their data.Invisible data captureConcerns have been raised about the data protection implications of invisible data processing during web browsing. For example, many companies use techniques which gather information about a website chideor, such as their IP address, the type of browser and operating system they use, and former sites they have visited. This information has been described as a clicktrail about an individual, recording the pattern of their Internet use.There is some(a) debate as to whether this information, which is largely a nonymised, qualifies as personal data. The European Commission Working Group adopted a bullish view in its 1999 Recommendations, regarding IP addresses, for example, as personal data. Website owners neediness to make use of invisible data capture metyhods are advised to bring them within their data protection procedures.Website hostsOften an external host or web manager will oversee the running of the server on which a website is hosted. For the purposes of the Data Protection Act 1998, the commercial entity which owns the website will normally be the data controller in relation to personal data obtained via the website, whereas the host will be a data processor processing data on its behalf. Under the new Act, data controllers are liable for processing undertaken on their behalf by such data processors. The data controller must actively police the data protection procedures of any person processing data on its behalf, and must enter into a written contract with its data processors , requiring them to maintain certainty security measures and to process personal data only in accordance with instructions.Extra-EEA transferWebsite proprietors must pay particular attention to the eighth data protection principle, concerning the transfer of personal data distant the European Economic Area. Initially, there was concern that merely sending e-mails, which, for example, may travel from one side of London to the other via the unite States, would ofttimes infringe this principle. However, the Data Protection Commissioner distinguishes in recent guidance between the transfer and transit of data, and states that, provided an electronic transfer of data starts and ends in an EEA country, the principle will not be infringed.ConclusionAs with many provisions of the new Act, the distinction between transfer and transit of information is ambiguous and uncertain. The Data Protection Registrar has said that she appreciates the difficulties in spirit and applying the new Act. T o begin with, therefore, she is un belike to enforce the new provisions to the letter, if data controllers try to comply with the spirit of the Act. However, given that it will ultimately bring back to the courts to conciliate what amounts to compliance, and that individuals may now police processing themselves, those dealing with personal data on the Internet must take the new rules very seriously. well-grounded IssuesUnder UK law, consumers have the same rights as in any other forms of trade. The government are also striving to change animated laws to help to clear up any ambiguity in current law to help e-commerce and ultimately consumer protection across the Internet. So, if you are unfamiliar with any of the following laws and regulations, now is the time to find out.* The Data Protection Act 1998* The Consumer Protection Act 1998* British Codes of Advertising and Sales Promotion* The Distance Selling Regulations 2000* The Unfair beat Act 1977 and 1999 regulations* The sale s of Goods Act 1979* The Consumer Credit Act 1974* The Trade Descriptions Act 1968Qualify your intentionsIn 1999, the government set up a self-regulatory scheme to develop and produce confidence in UK e-commerce. Its aim was to act as a symbol of good web trading via an agreed minimum standard for online trading. For the minor(ip) business, this can mean that you are accredited as good online e-service. This organisation is known as TRUSTUK.For any company who has been accredited by faithUK can peril the TrustUK earmark on their website. For the small business, this gives credibility and can boost consumer confidence greatly.TrustUK have also linked up with other organisations who also offer accreditation for websites adhering to set TrustUK standards, these are known as code owners.If your small business takes many issues similar to the ones discussed, then you should have no problem gaining accreditation. To find out more visit the TrustUK web siteThe impact of technological innovations on e-commerceThe Internets potential for e-commerceThe evidence supporting e-commerce growth and potential can be staggering when one considers the accomplishments in this field just over the last hardly a(prenominal) long time.The potential impact, and issues surrounding, e-commerce and the practising accountant.E-commerce is seen as a major area of growth over the next few years and virtually every well-known retailer is developing some form of web presence, for example WHSmith has recently launched an online book selling service. In addition, there are a number of high profile web-only retailers such as Amazon.co.uk. The commercial viability of these ventures is yet to be established, although stock market values would have us view they will be highly profitable.One of the main factors seen by many as holding back the further and faster development of e-commerce, sure outside the high profile names, is the lack of trust by consumers in the on-line retailer. This co vers issues such as the existence of the company, the delivery of goods ordered, the ability to return unsatisfying goods and perhaps, most importantly, the security of personal information and credit card details.A number of specialist organisations now attempt to provide assurance to consumers, on some or all of the trust issues outlined above. When a business meets the qualifying criteria established by such an organisation, it may display a seal of panegyric on its website. The consumer is able to click on the seal to obtain further information regarding the meaning of the seal.One such seal is CPA Web Trust (www.cpawebtrust.org). The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants developed this product. The Institutes of Chartered Accountants in the UK and Ireland have obtained a authorise to cover these territories.To obtain a Web Trust seal, a business will be subjected to an audit, by an accredited firm, of its busin ess processes and security issues. Where the Web Trust criteria are well-to-do a seal (which must be renewed on a quarterly basis) will be issued.ACCA investigated fully the benefits of obtaining a Web Trust licence to modify its firms to offer this service, but the decision was taken that this was not appropriate for a number of reasonsThe cost to the professional body of obtaining a licence from AICPA/CICA explore carried out by the European Consortium for Web Assurance and Trust (ECWAT) group (in which ACCA recruits) indicates that in business-to-consumer e-commerce, the well-known traditional retailer or web retailer has a large advantage over the unknown retailer, even where the unknown retailer carries a seal. This would indicate that outside much specialised markets the client might need to have a significant profile built through marketing to make e-commerce viable. These clients are unlikely to be common to small practicesECWAT research indicates that consumers would pl ace significantly more reliance on a seal provided/backed by a Consumer Union/Association than by an accountantCarrying out a Web Trust audit requires the firm to obtain a licence, undertake training and have a level of technical expertise that may not exist, nowThe US experience suggests that Web Trust has not yet taken off as a service despite it having been available for around 18 months. Recently there were 18 organisations on the list of current Web Trust sites of these, four are professional score bodiesThere are competitors to Web Trust, which potentially will be in a very strong position. For example, Entrust Inc is focusing on the issue of digital certificates to assure for the genuineness of sites. This is being done in conjunction with the browser technology of Microsoft, AOL and Netscape. These browsers will automatically recognise Entrust.net website certificates when visitors connect to a siteThe Consumers Association has launched a which? Web Trader seal which is designed to offer assurance to consumers and unlike the Web Trust seal is issued free of charge. Further details can be plant at http//www.which.net/webtrader/index.html.Given that ACCA is not able to offer members the Web Trust licence, how should members become involved in e-commerce?It is clear that e-commerce is a growing market, but it is anticipate that the principal area of growth will not be a consumer buying over the internet (although this market will be substantial) but in the area of business-to-business transactions. The business to business market may not have the same issues relating to trust, as businesses are likely to look to form on-going relationships, and there are already established means of making electronic payments. It is unlikely that businesses will move to payment with order, as is the case with much business to consumer e-commerce.A likely scenario is that important customers will want to be able to order online, check stock availability, prices and d elivery times and be confident that the order will be delivered as expected.The accountant could play an important role in advising his/her client on this transformation, by assisting in areas such as integration with existing accounting records and processes, ensuring security and back-up procedures are maintained properly, and generally that efficient and best use is made of information technology.A 1 Cycles is Committed to developing e-commerce and change practitioners to participate in this exciting market. Look out for further developments in future issues of In Practice.Electronic CommerceElectronic Commerce often shortened to E-commerce is the name given to selling and buying things using the Internet.E-commerce is important because * Many people now have Internet connections.Information about goods and services for sale can be put on the World Wide Web.Setting up a company website and doing business through it can be a lot more cost effective than using purely traditional shops.* Companies can have a national or even international customer reach with a website.* People do not leave their homes to shop using E-Commerce.* The costs of delivery of goods are low and many carriers are available.* People can find exactly what they need without hunting round shops or phoning around.Traditional Business PracticesMany people have an aspiration and have the resources to go out and do traditional shoppingTraditional business practises are easy to exploit and cheap to do for example marketing is a lot more easy to exploit as you generally have a idea who you target audience isYou can look at your product try it out and even negotiate lowering the priceAdvantages for e-commerce disadvantages concerning traditional business practices* Larger market and more options for consumers. This creates more market competition, thus driving down prices and forcing better retail practices.* Dont have to leave home and fight trafficdelivered to door* In many cases, a larger s election is available.* Consumers are able to research a product and its competitors more thoroughly before purchase and compare many prices from different retailers.* No sales tax.* Open 24 hours a day / seven days a week, which is very beneficial to those who can not find time to go to a store and for those who just want to shop whenever they feel like it.* Do not have to deal with the sales atmosphere.* Friendlier no rude salespeople who ignore customers* Can find what you are looking for a the touch of a button sizes, colours, etcDisadvantages for e-commerce advantages concerning traditional business practices* Waiting for a shipment to arrive in the mail* Shipping Charges* Lack of confidence in personal information transfer on-line* Ease of fraudulent retailers and sites. The fluctuation and instability of Internet retailers makes it difficult for new retailers to establish a reputation because many do not survive. Therefore, there is a lack of confidence that exists in trusti ng Internet retailers.* Lose the traditional shopping experience and the instant gratification that many really enjoy.* Lack of taxes reduces the tax revenues that states and cities might otherwise collect from traditional retailers.* Traditional retail stores are at a disadvantage to Internet retailers due to the lack of Internet sales tax.* Many are still to computer-illiterate to take advantage of this avenue of commerce* KNOWLEDGE OF D.P.AThe law is catching up with the online world. The progressive migration of business to the web is forcing reappraisal of intellectual property rights and their protection, and clarifying the meaning of intellectual property in a connected world.Any customer purchasing or using goods or services has certain rights through legislation and regulation of which impact upon their relationship with the organisation selling the products and service. The implication of the customer rights will be different for manufacturers compared for example with a r etailer under the trade description 1968 and 1972 any description of goods and services given by a person acting in the trade or business should be accurate and not misleading failure to do so is a criminal offence. The sale of goods act 1979 places obligation on the buyer and seller on products and services. The seller of goods must ensure the goods are they own legal ownership. Products are of merchantable quality. Fit for the person for normal use meets the description and are delivered on time. The customer once agreed to buy a product has entered a contart with the seller and obliged to pay for the price agreed at the timeof contract. If the goods are faulty, the customer has a right for a full refund. If the fault is identified to the customer at the time of contract the customer cannot cause a caseCustomers have no rights if they change their minds about goods or damage goods themselvesManufacturer guarantee may add to customer right under the supplier and seller act 1982 any goods supplied under contract must confirm to terms and conditions under the consumer protect 1987 people injured by faulty or defected goods have the right to sueThe Data Protection Act 1998 and the InternetThe new Data Protection Act 1998 came into force on 1 March 2000. The Act has received considerable publicity, both because its ambit is wider than its predecessor, the 1984 Data Protection Act is, and because of the greater and more flexible powers given to the Data Protection Commissioner and to individuals to enforce the Act.The Act has significant implications for the Internet and for e-commerce in particular. As the European Commission Working Party on data protection commented The Internet is not a legal vacuum. Processing of personal data on the Internet has to respect data protection principles just as in the off-line world.Obtaining consentUnder the new Act, it is often necessary or advisable for data controllers (organisations which obtain, store, or use personal data about an individual) to obtain the individuals consent to these activities. What amounts to consent in cyberspace is a difficult, largely unresolved issue. The more serious the consequences of data processing for the individual, the more careful the organisation must be to ensure that the individual is in possession of any information which he or she requires to give not just consent, but informed consent. This information should be provided in a way, which is clear, prominent, and easily accessible. If the information is scattered over various disparate website pages, informed consent may not have been given. E-commerce traders must think carefully about whether, in each case, failure to click on an opt-out box will be sufficient, or whether a specific opt-in box should be provided.Obtaining consent from minors is a difficult area for e-commerce traders, particularly those retailing goods or services, which are attractive to children and teenagers, such as computer games. The Data Protection Registrar has indicated that, as under-18s cannot generally be bound to a contract under English law, they can also not be deemed to have consented to the processing of their personal data. However, can a third party, even a parent or guardian, consent to processing on behalf of a minor? In addition, how does an organisation know when it is dealing with a minor in cyberspace no tell-tale handwriting hereThe US government has adopted a Childrens On-line Privacy Protection Act, which deals with the point expressly, but there is no indication that the UK government intends to address the issues in a similar way.Privacy policiesMany companies have adopted a privacy policy or statement which is published on their website as a useful way of addressing data protection issues. Privacy policies typically state who the data controller is, what personal data is being collected, and what will happen to it, in particular to whom data may be transferred. A privacy policy may also giv e information about the right to opt-out of direct marketing details of any mechanism for individuals to update or amend their personal data information about the use of cookies and invisible data capture and a disclaimer for third-party sites linked to the website.To be effective, it is important that privacy policies are clear, prominent, and easily accessible from relevant pages. If you rely on a privacy policy alone to demonstrate that the subject has consented to precessing, then you should take steps to ensure that they must scroll through the page before providing their data.Invisible data captureConcerns have been raised about the data protection implications of invisible data processing during web browsing. For example, many companies use techniques which gather information about a website visitor, such as their IP address, the type of browser and operating system they use, and previous sites they have visited. This information has been described as a clicktrail about an in dividual, recording the pattern of their Internet use.There is some debate as to whether this information, which is largely anonymised, qualifies as personal data. The European Commission Working Group adopted a bullish view in its 1999 Recommendations, regarding IP addresses, for example, as personal data. Website owners wishing to make use of invisible data capture metyhods are advised to bring them within their data protection procedures.Website hostsOften an external host or web manager will oversee the running of the server on which a website is hosted. For the purposes of the Data Protection Act 1998, the commercial entity which owns the website will normally be the data controller in relation to personal data obtained via the website, whereas the host will be a data processor processing data on its behalf. Under the new Act, data controllers are liable for processing undertaken on their behalf by such data processors. The data controller must actively police the data protecti on procedures of any person processing data on its behalf, and must enter into a written contract with its data processors, requiring them to maintain certainty security measures and to process personal data only in accordance with instructions.Extra-EEA transferWebsite proprietors must pay particular attention to the eighth data protection principle, concerning the transfer of personal data outside the European Economic Area. Initially, there was concern that merely sending e-mails, which, for example, may travel from one side of London to the other via the United States, would frequently infringe this principle. However, the Data Protection Commissioner distinguishes in recent guidance between the transfer and transit of data, and states that, provided an electronic transfer of data starts and ends in an EEA country, the principle will not be infringed.ConclusionAs with many provisions of the new Act, the distinction between transfer and transit of information is ambiguous and unc ertain. The Data Protection Registrar has said that she appreciates the difficulties in understanding and applying the new Act. To begin with, therefore, she is unlikely to enforce the new provisions to the letter, if data controllers try to comply with the spirit of the Act. However, given that it will ultimately fall to the courts to decide what amounts to compliance, and that individuals may now police processing themselves, those dealing with personal data on the Internet must take the new rules very seriously.Legal IssuesUnder UK law, consumers have the same rights as in any other forms of trade. The government are also striving to change existing laws to help to clear up any ambiguity in current law to help e-commerce and ultimately consumer protection across the Internet. So, if you are unfamiliar with any of the following laws and regulations, now is the time to find out.* The Data Protection Act 1998* The Consumer Protection Act 1998* British Codes of Advertising and Sales Promotion* The Distance Selling Regulations 2000* The Unfair Contract Act 1977 and 1999 regulations* The sales of Goods Act 1979* The Consumer Credit Act 1974* The Trade Descriptions Act 1968Qualify your intentionsIn 1999, the government set up a self-regulatory scheme to develop and enhance confidence in UK e-commerce. Its aim was to act as a symbol of good web trading via an agreed minimum standard for online trading. For the small business, this can mean that you are accredited as good online e-service. This organisation is known as TRUSTUK.For any company who has been accredited by TrustUK can display the TrustUK hallmark on their website. For the small business, this gives credibility and can boost consumer confidence greatly.TrustUK have also linked up with other organisations who also offer accreditation for websites adhering to set TrustUK standards, these are known as code owners.If your small business takes many issues similar to the ones discussed, then you should have no problem gaining accreditation. To find out more visit the TrustUK web siteThe impact of technological innovations on e-commerceThe Internets potential for e-commerceThe evidence supporting e-commerce growth and potential can be staggering when one considers the accomplishments in this field just over the last few years.The potential impact, and issues surrounding, e-commerce and the practising accountant.E-commerce is seen as a major area of growth over the next few years and virtually every well-known retailer is developing some form of web presence, for example WHSmith has recently launched an online book selling service. In addition, there are a number of high profile web-only retailers such as Amazon.co.uk. The commercial viability of these ventures is yet to be established, although stock market values would have us believe they will be highly profitable.One of the main factors seen by many as holding back the further and faster development of e-commerce, certainly outside the high profile names, is the lack of trust by consumers in the on-line retailer. This covers issues such as the existence of the company, the delivery of goods ordered, the ability to return unsatisfactory goods and perhaps, most importantly, the security of personal information and credit card details.A number of specialist organisations now attempt to provide assurance to consumers, on some or all of the trust issues outlined above. When a business meets the qualifying criteria established by such an organisation, it may display a seal of approval on its website. The consumer is able to click on the seal to obtain further information regarding the meaning of the seal.One such seal is CPA Web Trust (www.cpawebtrust.org). The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants developed this product. The Institutes of Chartered Accountants in the UK and Ireland have obtained a licence to cover these territories.To obtain a Web Trust seal, a business will be subjected to an audit, by an accredited firm, of its business processes and security issues. Where the Web Trust criteria are satisfied a seal (which must be renewed on a quarterly basis) will be issued.ACCA investigated fully the benefits of obtaining a Web Trust licence to enable its firms to offer this service, but the decision was taken that this was not appropriate for a number of reasonsThe cost to the professional body of obtaining a licence from AICPA/CICAResearch carried out by the European Consortium for Web Assurance and Trust (ECWAT) group (in which ACCA participates) indicates that in business-to-consumer e-commerce, the well-known traditional retailer or web retailer has a large advantage over the unknown retailer, even where the unknown retailer carries a seal. This would indicate that outside much specialised markets the client might need to have a significant profile built through marketing to make e-commerce viable. These clients are unlike ly to be common to small practicesECWAT research indicates that consumers would place significantly more reliance on a seal provided/backed by a Consumer Union/Association than by an accountantCarrying out a Web Trust audit requires the firm to obtain a licence, undertake training and have a level of technical expertise that may not exist, nowThe US experience suggests that Web Trust has not yet taken off as a service despite it having been available for around 18 months. Recently there were 18 organisations on the list of current Web Trust sites of these, four are professional accounting bodiesThere are competitors to Web Trust, which potentially will be in a very strong position. For example, Entrust Inc is focusing on the issue of digital certificates to vouch for the authenticity of sites. This is being done in conjunction with the browser technology of Microsoft, AOL and Netscape. These browsers will automatically recognise Entrust.net website certificates when visitors connec t to a siteThe Consumers Association has launched a which? Web Trader seal which is designed to offer assurance to consumers and unlike the Web Trust seal is issued free of charge. Further details can be found at http//www.which.net/webtrader/index.html.Given that ACCA is not able to offer members the Web Trust licence, how should members become involved in e-commerce?It is clear that e-commerce is a growing market, but it is expected that the principal area of growth will not be a consumer buying over the internet (although this market will be substantial) but in the area of business-to-business transactions. The business to business market may not have the same issues relating to trust, as businesses are likely to look to form on-going relationships, and there are already established means of making electronic payments. It is unlikely that businesses will move to payment with order, as is the case with much business to consumer e-commerce.A likely scenario is that important custom ers will want to be able to order online, check stock availability, prices and delivery times and be confident that the order will be delivered as expected.The accountant could play an important role in advising his/her client on this transformation, by assisting in areas such as integration with existing accounting records and processes, ensuring security and back-up procedures are maintained properly, and generally that efficient and best use is made of information technology.A 1 Cycles is Committed to developing e-commerce and enabling practitioners to participate in this exciting market. Look out for further developments in future issues of In Practice.

History Essay Introduction Essay

STEP 1 Focusing your bailiwick In writing a research try out for history, you should first formulate an idea (a working thesis) roughly the focus of your research. This gives you a starting point to find start info. The thesis statement must address your assignment. Use keywords from your assignment to help formulate a working thesis statement.STEP 2 Research Librarians are trained to assist you with finding tolerate sources, but keep in mind in that location are some types of sources that are NOT appropriate to use for a college level essay. These include sources like encyclopedias (including Wikipedia), textbooks, Answers.com, etc. (These are places to start if you have no information intimately the root word, but they are not reliable sources of research info).Evaluate any source (especially Internet sources) you plan to use in your essay in terms of the followingAccuracy(Is the information in the source correct? Does it generally match up with information youve found in new(prenominal) sources on the same topic?) Authority(Who claims responsibility for the information in the source? You would not use a paper written by a 6th grader as a source for a college level class) Objectivity(Is the reason objective or biased? Is there an agenda?) Currency(Is the information up to date? For example, you wouldnt want to use a book published in 1959 if you were writing an essay about how students use computers to do research) reporting(Is balanced information provided, or is the coverage one-sided or incomplete?)Use sources that contain information that bequeath support the thesis statement of your essay. tire outt use sources that you do not understand.STEP 3 Writing the essay An academic research essay contains the following elementsIntroductionThis introduces the reader to the topic and makes a specific claim (the thesis statement) about the topic. This claim is what the torso, or main part, of your essay will support and explain.Argument and Document ation Often called the body of the essay. This should be several paragraphs/pages long and contains the topic sentences that provide supporting points for your thesis statement, examples from sources that illustrate your supporting points, and historys of HOW the examples illustrate your supporting points.Conclusion Wraps up your essay and is the appropriate place to include your opinions about the topic. A word about transitions Use them. You should create smooth transitions between paragraphs. This is much done by repeating keywords from the thesis and/or by introducing the topic of the following paragraph in the last sentence of the preceding paragraph. Transitional terms such as In addition, Similarly, and so far also help create smooth transitions. Repetition of keywords and ideas creates transitions.02/08The parts of a history research essayIntroduction This section of the essay introduces the reader to the topic and to your particular historical take on the topic. Some hi storians like to set the scene with an anecdote that illustrates something important or interesting, or which catches the interest of the reader and focuses it on the essays topic. Others prefer to state vital data and background to the topic (one example of this would be a biographical essay which starts with information about when and where a person was born, etc.) Many find it easier to write the introduction after they have written the body of the essay.Statement of Thesis This commonly appears within the introduction, ordinarily as the last sentence of the first paragraph. Your thesis should be clear and straightforward. If you cannot state your thesis statement succinctly, you may need to think more carefully about what you are trying to argue in your essay and focus your topic more clearly.Argument and Documentation The bulk of your research essay will be your support of the thesis statement from your introductory paragraph.A format to use for supporting your thesis might b e as followsMAKE A POINT, in your own words, that supports your thesis idea. This is the topic sentence of a paragraph.PROVIDE AN EXAMPLE from a source. This might be done in the form of a quote (using the exact words the source uses and quotation marks ex. quote) or a paraphrase (restating the idea in your own wordsno quotation marks).Whether you quote or paraphrase, you need to CITE any information you obtain from a source, and you do this by inserting a parenthetical note that includes the author of the sources last name and the page number(s) where the information appeared in the source. For MLA format, the information that goes into the parenthetical noteex. (Smith 64)is the first bit of information about that source that your reader will see on your Works Cited page, so it is usually the authors last name.If you do not have an authors name, use keywords from the titleex. The title of the article is Joan of Arc Heroine or Heretic. Your citation might be (Joan 86). If there are no page numbers, as is often the case with Internet sources, the same citation would be (Joan). picAn important part of developing your research writing is to EXPLAIN how the EXAMPLE you have used makes your POINT. This explanation is written in your own words and should clearly indicate how you see the example conveying the point/conclusion youve reached about the topic.Conclusion The conclusion wraps up your essay and serves as an appropriate place to offer your own opinion, apply the research to present-day issues, or state the historic significance of the topic.Visit The culture Center website at http//www.tridenttech.edu/664_2970.htm for links to handouts on using MLA format, using thesis statements and topic sentences, and avoiding plagiarism.

Written Critique of Drug Therapy in Nursing Practice

According to Wayne K. Anderson, Dean, State University of New York, School of Pharmacy, statistically, if you take six different medicines, you have an 80% hazard of at least one medicine- medicine fundamental inter exploit. The medicine regimen of Mrs. brown includes six do drugss that may interact with each former(a) if non administered and superviseed carefully. This is the reason why healthcare providers should be aware of the manageable adverse affects that may happen related to her drug regimen. essential precautions should be observed to get the full benefits of the needed drugs and minimise possible drug-drug interactions. Nursing Management Mrs.Brown has a history of seizure, therefore, necessary measures should be provided to ensure the patients safety. It is as well as know that seizure is one of the many lieu effects of the drug metronidazole (Drugs. com, 2010). To retard injury to patient, the harbor should provide comfort and safety measures if the CNS ef fect occurs such as officerails, and assistance with ambulation if dizziness and weakness are present (Karch, 2006, p. 170).Since Mrs. Brown has numerous risk factors and health conditions, the nurse should proctor for drug-drug interactions to arrange to adjust dosages appropriately (Karch, 2006, p. 47). The drug regimen of Mrs. Brown may present several adverse effects that should be observed, the nurse monitor adverse effects and provide appropriate supportive care as needed to help patient cope with these effects (Karch, 2006, p. 347). To achieve cure effects, it is also important that the nurse is aware how to administer the drug as impose in appropriate relationship to meals (Karch, 2006, p. 572). The nurse should provide supportive management to the drug regimen so she should monitor the patients clinical status closely circumstancely during the initial stages of interposition (Karch, 2006, p. 34). This includes daily monitoring of serum atomic number 3 and phenytoin take aims, blood glucose, prothrombin time (PT) and hepatic functioning. It is essential to promote compliance to the patient. The nurse should provide thorough patient teaching, including drug name and prescribed dosage, as well as measures for avoidance of adverse effects, warning theatres that may indicate possible problems and the need for monitoring and evaluation to enhance patient knowledge about drug therapy (Karch, 2006, p. 347).Some of the teaching points that should be included are any sign of blood loss ( petechiae, eject gums, bruises, dark intensityed stools, dark colored urine) to evaluate the effectivity of warfarin and symptoms of phenytoin toxicity, including drowsiness, visual disturbances, change in mental status, na enforcea, or ataxia. Indications and Actions The indications and actions of Mrs. Browns regimen is presented to help verify the purpose of the drugs and their effects on the overall condition of the patient. metronidazole (Flagyl, MetroGel, Nori tate) Metronidazole is accustomd for the treatment of intestinal amebiasis, trichomoniasis, inflammatory catgut disease, H. pylori infection causing peptic ulcers, bacterial vaginosis, and anaerobic infections and perioperative prophylaxis in colorectal surgery (Kee & Hayes, 2006, p. 470).In this case, it is also used to treat abscesses in the pelvis caused by susceptible anaerobic bacteria. It is classified as an antiprotozoal agent that acts to inhibit DNA synthesis in susceptible protozoa, leading it to unable to reproduce and concomitant cell death (Karch, 2006,p. 169). Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) Acetaminophen is indicated for the treatment of ache and fever associated with a variety of conditions, including influenza for the prophylaxis of children receiving diptheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) immunizations and for the relief of musculoskeletal pain associated with arthritis (Karch, 2006, p. 241). Paracetamol was prescribed for the presence of pain in the clients perineal are a. Metformin (Glucophage) Metformin is a biguanide compound used for the management of type 2 diabetes (Kee & Hayes, 2006, p. 787). In this case, the patient was known to have diabetes.This medicine could be considered as a new mechanism for the management of her type 2 diabetes. This oral exam diabetic agent acts by decreasing hepatic intersection of glucose from stored glycogen (Kee & Hayes, 2006, p. 787). It is said to diminish the increase in serum glucose aft(prenominal) meals and lessen the degree of postprandial hyperglycemia. diphenylhydantoin (Dilatin) Phenytoin is the protoype hydantoin used in the treatment of tonic-clonic seizures and status epilepticus, as well as in the prevention and treatment of seizures after neurosurgery (Karch, 2006, p. 342).Since the patient has a history of seizure disorder, this medication was prescribed for maintenance. It acts as an anticonvulsant drug that works by suppressing sodium influx through the drug binding to the sodium channel when it is inactivated, thus prolonging the channel inactivation and thereby preventing neuron firing (Kee & Hayes, 2006, p. 341). warfarin ( Coumadin) warfarin (Coumadin) is an anticoagulant drug in oral form that is used to maintain a state of anticoagulation in situations in which the patient is susceptible to potentially dangerous clot formation (Karch, 2006, p. 38). The patient was given this medication since she has a history of atrial fibrillation that wanton aways her susceptible to thrombus and embolus formation. The drug Warfarin inhibits the formation of thrombus and embolus formation by decreasing certain clotting factors. Warfarin causes a decrease in the production of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II prothrombin, VII, IX and X) in the liver (Karch, 2006, p. 740). Lithum Carbonate Lithium is used as a humor stabilizers which is used to treat bipolar affective disorder (Key & Hayes, 2006, p. 399).Mrs. Brown has a bipolar mood disorder so this drug was prescri bed to control her periods of mania and depression. It is said to function in several ways, it alters sodium transport in nerve and musle cells inhibits the chemise of norepinephrine and dopamine, but not serotonin, from stimulated neurons increases the intraneuronal stores of norepinephrine and dopamine slightly and decreases intraneuronalcontent of second messengers (Karch, 2006, p. 330). Common Drug Interactions Drug to Drug Interactions Metronidazole (Flagyl, MetroGel, Noritate)This drug is known to produce interactions with phenytoin, oral coagulants and lithium. Coadministration with a nitromidazole may increase the serum concentration of phenytoin (Drugs. com, 2010). It is known to induce microsomal liver enzyme activity such as phenytoin that may accelerate the elimination of metronidazole leaveing in reduced plasma impaired clearance of phenytoin has been reported (DailyMed, 2009). In this case, pharmacologic responses and serum phenytoin should be parted frequently when ever metronidazole is being administered to the patient.The drug dosage should be adjusted as necessary. Another thing to do is to produce the patient the signs and symptoms of phenytoin toxicity for immediate physician notification. Metronidazole has been reported to potentiate the anticoagulant effect of warfarin and other oral coumarin anticoagulants, resulting in a prolongation of prothrombin time (DailyMed, 2009). Mrs. Brown should be talk over to report any signs of bleeding to her physician. INR should be checked frequently for adjustments in warfarin dosage, specifically after starting or discontinuing metronidazole.And lastly, lithium is said to produce interactions when administered with metronidazole. Concurrent use of metronidazole with lithium may provoke lithium toxicity receivable to reduced renal clearance (Rxlist, 2010). Since Mrs. Brown has a bipolar mood disorder, lithium is a long drug regimen. The serum lithium and creatinine levels should be monitored after the initiation of metronidazole. Phenytoin (Dilantin) Besides the impaired clearance of phenytoin with the use of metronidazole, there are other drug interactions that flock happen in fibre to Mrs. Browns drug regimen.It is said that Phenytoin peck increase the effects of anticoagulants. The hydantoins displace the anticoagulants and aspirin, causing more free drug and increasing their activity (Kee & Hayes, 2006, p. 342). Still, it is important to check on the prothrombin time (PT), phenytoin level and prothrombin time of the patient during the administration of both drugs. Signs of an active bleed include coughing up blood in the form of coffee grinds (hemoptysis), gum bleeding, nose bleeds, cola- or tea-colored urine (hematuria), and fatal, tarry stools (hemoccult positive).Brown should be observed and notified to the physician. It is also said that the use of phenytoin can lead to increase hepatotoxicity with acetaminophen (Karch, 2007, p. 952). Lithium interacting with Phen ytoin may either increase or decrease the effectiveness of lithium or increase or decrease the effectiveness of the drug (Raber, 2010). Phenytoin level and lithium serum level should be checked frequently to monitor the effectiveness of these drugs.Warfarin (Coumadin). Aside from the drug interactions of warfarin to both Metronidazole and Phenytoin, there is an existing interaction between Metformin and Warfarin. It is said that Metformin oral hypoglycemic drugs for diabetes can displace warfarin or dicumarol from the protein-bound site, causing more free-circulating anticoagulant (Kee & Hayes, 2006, p. 663). Due to this possible interaction, it is important to monitor the blood glucose level and prothrombin time (PT). The patient should be informed of the signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia and bleeding so that she could report it to the health care team immediately.Warfarin also interacts with paracetamol (acetaminophen) it said that many investigators advise that the hypothromb inemic response to warfarin can increase when acetaminophen is taken in a dosage of more than 2 g per day for lengthy than one week (Ament, Bertolino & Liszewski, 2000). Since Mrs. Brown has a prescription of 1000mg to be taken four times a day, her dosage is more than 2g per day. If acetaminophen therapy is needed, the dosage should be as low as possible, and the drug should be taken for only a short period. In addition, the INR should be monitored closely (Ament et al. 2000). Metformin (Glucophage) Meformin has moderate drug interaction with the drug Phenytoin. It is said to diminish the efficacy of oral diabetic agents and insulin. These drugs may interfere with blood glucose control because they can cause hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, new-onset diabetes mellitus, and/or provocation of preexisting diabetes (Drugs. com, 2010). on that point should be close monitoring of Mrs. Browns blood glucose level in order to observe hypoglycemia in the patient. Lithium (Eskalith) Li thium has drug interactions with Metronidazole and Phenytoin.It is also established that lithium may diminish the therapeutic effects of insulin and oral anti-diabetic agents. In one study, 10 psychiatric patients treated with lithium carbonate for 2 weeks demonstrated elevated blood glucose levels and impaired glucose tolerance tests. There have also been isolated case reports of hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, or diabetes mellitus in patients on lithium, although a causal relationship has not been established (Drugs. com, 2010). The blood glucose level should be checked frequently after starting or discontinuing lithium therapy.Drug to Food, Drug to Herbal, Drug to OTC drugs Interactions Metronidazole Metronidazole has a significant interaction with ethanol. Use of inebriant or products containing alcohol during nitroimidazole therapy may result in a disulfiram-like reply in some patients (Drugs. com, 2010). Necessary precautions should be made in relation to use of e thanol and ethanol-containing products. Mrs. Brown should be instructed not to take alcohol beverages and alcohol-containing products. It is said that alcohol beverages should not be consumed for at least a day after completion of metronidazole therapy (Drugs. om). Metronidazole has an interaction to the herb milk thistle. Milk thistle has been reported to protect the liver from harm caused by some prescription drugs. While milk thistle has not yet been canvass directly for protecting people against the known potentially liver-damaging actions of metronidazole, it is often used for this purpose (Morazzoni & Bombardelli, 1995). Phenytoin Phenytoin has moderate interaction with alcohol and food. The effects of alcohol on the therapeutic level of Phenytoin depend on the duration of its consumption. Acute consumption of alcohol may increase plasma phenytoin levels. degenerative consumption of alcohol may decrease plasma phenytoin levels (Drugs. com, 2010). Phenytoin (oral drug) could b e given with or without food in a consistent manner. go for with food if patient complains of GI upset ( Karch, 2007). The bioavailability of Phenytoin is said to decrease to subtherapeutic levels when the suspension is given concomitantly with enteral feedings (Drugs. com, 2010). Antacids containing calcium may decrease the blood level of phenytoin while aspirin (more than 1500 mg/dl) may increase the blood level of phenytoin (Epilepsy. om, 2010). Phenytoin also will lower the blood levels of other types of medication like acetaminophen (Epilepsy. com, 2010). Warfarin Patients taking Warfarin should not take Vitamin K-rich foods like liver, broccoli, brussels sprouts, spinach, Swiss chard, coriander, collards, cabbage, and other green leafy vegetables (Drugs. com). There are also particular medicines that should not be taken for they may cause serious bleeding problems in the stomach and intestines and alterations in blood clotting.These particular medicines are as follows acetami nophen (Tylenol), aspirin, and NSAIDs including celecoxib (Celebrex), diclofenac (Voltaren), ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), indomethacin, naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn),and others (Drugs. com, 2010). It is also said that the patient should avoid eating cranberries, drinking cranberry juice, or taking cranberry herb tea products (Drugs. com, 2010). Warfarin can interact with the quest herbal products garlics, gingko biloba, ginseng or St. Johns wort. (Drugs. com, 2010). Metformin Drugs that can raise the blood sugar affecting the use of Metformin include medicines to treat colds and allergies while drugs that lower blood sugar include some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), aspirin, and sulfa drugs (Bactrim) (Drugs. com, 2010). Alcohol should also not be taken concomitantly with this drug. Alcohol lowers blood sugar and may increase the risk of lactic acidosis while taking this drug (Drugs. com, 2010).There could be increased risk for hypoglycemia if the drug is taken with juni per berries, ginseng, garlic, dandelion root and celery (Karch, 2007, p. 58). Lithium Patients taking lithium carbonate should avoid drinking oversize amounts of coffee, tea, or cola, which can cause dehydration through increased urination (Drugs. com, 2010). Besides having interactions with other drugs in the patients regimen, lithium also interacts with over-the-counter drugs. If Eskalith is taken with certain other drugs, the effects of either could be increased, decreased, or altered such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Drugs. com, 2010). Patients being treated with lithium should be encouraged not to use the herbal therapy psyllium.If combined with lithium, the absorption of the lithium may be blocked and the patient will not receive therapeutic level (Karch, 2006, p. 333) Possible Adverse Reactions and Nursing Interventions Metronidazole Convulsive seizures have been reported in patient treatment with metronidazole (DailyMed, 2009). Necessary seizure precautions shou ld be implemented. Mrs. Brown has a history of seizure this is why the healthcare team should take necessary adjustments to the dosage of metronidazole. Aside from this major adverse reaction, the patient can develop unpleasant metalic taste, nausea, puke and diarrhea (Karch, 2007, p. 86). Nursing care for strange metallic taste should be frequent mouth care, drink sugarless candies, and for nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, the patient should be advised to eat frequent small meals (Karch, 2007, p. 786). In the case of Mrs. Brown, complains of discomfort in her buttocks, pain in perineal area and sick odor could mean that she developed cadidiasis as known or previously unrecognized candidiasis may present more prominent symptoms during therapy with metronidazole (DailyMed, 2009). interference with candidicidal agent should be instituted to the patient.Other adverse effect can be disulfiram-like interaction with alcohol (Karch, 2007, p. 786). The patient should be always reminded o f precautions on ingesting alcohol and alcohol-containing products. Phenytoin Nausea,vomiting, diarrhea, constipation and gingival hyperplasia (Karch, 2009, p. 951) could be present in patients taking Phenytoin. The nurse should arrange instruction in proper hygiene technique for long-term patients to prevent development of gum hyperplasia, take drug with food, eat frequent small meals (Karch, 2007, p. 953).Among the other common adverse effects are dizziness ,drowsiness, confusion and annoyance. The patient should be advised to avoid performing tasks requiring alertness and visual acuity (Karch, 2007, p. 953). Warfarin The common adverse effects of Warfarin are nausea, vomiting, ab cramping, diarrhea and hemorrhage (Karch, 2007,p. 1216). Nurse should advise the patient to avoid any situations in which she could be easily injured. Necessary care should be provided to avoid bleeding in the patient like not giving any IM injections (Karch, 2007, p. 1217).The patient should also be asked to report unusual bleeding (from brushing teeth, excessive bruising), black or bloody stools, cloudy or dark urine (Karch, 2007, p. 1218). Metformin The most significant possible adverse effects of this drug are hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis (Karch, 2007, p. 758). The nurse should monitor blood for glucose and ketones or should ask the client any sign of hypo- or hyperglycemic reactions (Karch, 2007, p. 758). There could also be signs of an allergic reaction hives difficulty breathing swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat (Drugs. om, 2010). In this case, it is necessary to break off the medication and report to the physician (Drugs. com, 2010). Lithium The common side effects of Lithium involves CNS manifestions such as lethargy, slurred speech, muscle weakness and fine hand tremor GI manifestions such as nausea, vomiting , diarrhea, thirst GU effect is polyuria (Karch, 2007, p. 704). It is important to instruct the client to report any signs of toxicity such as d iarrhea, vomiting, tremor, drowsiness, muscle weakness (Karch, 2007, p. 705).The patient should also be prohibited or avoid driving or performing tasks requiring alertness and should be instructed to eat frequent small meals (Karch, 2007, p. 705). Health Education Metronidazole It is impotant to instruct the client to not drink alcohol (beverages or preparations containing alcohol, cough syrups) (Karch, 2007, p. 786). The nurse should also mention to the client that she may experience urine with darker color , dry mouth with strange metallic taste, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea (Karch, 2007, p. 786).Intervention to relieve these side effects should be taught like frequent mouth care, sucking sugarless candies for dry mouth eating frequent small meals for nausea, vomiting and diarrhea (Karch, 2007, p. 786). Phenytoin Patients taking Phenytoin should be advised to take this drug exactly as prescribed with food to reduce GI upset or without food but maintain the consistency (Karch, 20 07, p. 953). Mrs. Brown should be advised to not discontinue this drug abruptly or change dosage, except on advice of health care provider (Karch, 2007,p. 953). Since Mrs.Brown has diabetes, it should be advised that she should monitor blood or urine sugar regularly, and report any abnormality to health care provider (Karch, 2007, p. 953). She should be advised that she should maintain good oral hygiene to prevent gum disease and arrange frequent dental checkups (Karch, 2007, p. 953). Warfarin It should be advised to the patient to not start or stop taking any medication without consulting her health care provider (Karch, 2007, p. 1217). She should carry or wear a health check ID tag to alert emergency medical personnel about the drug (Karch, 2007, p. 218). She should be instructed to avoid situations that may cause injury and have periodic blood tests to check on drug action (Karch, 2007, p. 1218). Lastly, the patient should be instructed to report unusual bleeding, black or blood y stools and cloudy or dark urine (Karch, 2007, p. 1218). Metformin Some of the instructions that should be given to the patient are not to discontinue the medication without consulting health care provider and avoid using alcohol while taking the drug (Karch, 2007, p. 758).She should also be advised to monitor blood for glucose and ketones and report any hypo-or hyperglycemia reactions (Karch, 2007, p. 758). Lithium Health teaching about this drug should include the following take the drug exactly as prescribed, after meals or with food or milk eat a normal diet with normal table salt intake and maintain adequate fluid intake and arrange for frequent checkups including blood tests (Karch, 2007, p. 705). Mrs. Brown has numerous risk factors and health conditions that may produce drug interactions that may worsen her health.It is known that Metronidazole can produce seizures as its side effect. Considering this, safety precautions should be made since she has a history of seizure. T his drug can also impair the clearance of the drug Phenytoin in her system and potentiate the anticoagulant effects of Warfarin. These things should be monitored by the healthcare team for them to make necessary adjustments. Phenytoin can also increase the anticoagulant effect of Warfarin and may either increase or decrease the efficacy of lithium. Necessary drug dosage adjustments should be made to minimize these interactions.Daily blood glucose monitoring should be done and symptoms of hypo- or hyperglycemia should be reported. This is necessary because Warfarin can increase the effects of oral diabetic agents such as Metformin. However, Phenytoin and Lithium can diminish the efficacy of this drug. Thus, it is really important to monitor the clients clinical status and the possible adverse effects of the drug regimen. It is also important to offer support and encouragement to help the patient cope with the drug regimen (Karch, 2006, p. 334).