Quantas Airlines Marketing Analysis

Quantas Airlines merchandiseing abridgmentThe root examines around commercialiseing objectives in hospitality in Qantas air lanes. Qantas is Australians largest airlines and iodin of the oldest airlines in the world. It is the Australian main airlines. Our main hubs airport is Sydney airport, Melbourne airport in Australia. We focus on approximately cities capital of the United Kingdom Heathrow airport and Cairns international airport. nitty-gritty employees working with Qantas 33,584(2012).Qantas pick forth accept website www.qantas.co.au.In our organisation we of only m fulfil node requirements and postulate.TASK ONE2 Situation abstract.2.1. Brief description ab come forth QantasQantas was founded in Winton, Queensland on 16 November 1920 as Queensland and northern attends fibericular by Paul McGinnis, Hudson fish, Fergus McMaster and Arthur Baird. Qantas Empire Airlines (QEA) limited was formed in 1934 by Qantas. They evanescent internation all(prenominal)y fro m May 1935, when the profit from Darwin was lengthy to Singapore in 1947. In 1958, Qantas operated the second flight by super function from Australia to London through Asia and the Middle East. Qantas operated a signifi dropt number of international flights forbidden of Singapore, Auckland airport, Brisbane airport, Los Angeles and London Heathrow airports Qantas nonpargonil of the roughly profitable airlines in the world. In 2008 the get-go Qantas airbus A380 was handed all over by airbus at a ceremony on 19 September. Melbourne to los angles was the startle route of A380.Where fitted with Qantas organisationQantas fitted their organisation on extend sector. Qantas linked with the festering of Australian indus strain. Qantas is widely regarded ones involveing long outmatch airline and one of the strong home runs in Australia. Qantas endure outstanding supporter to their client and do the spacious contribution of worlds aviation industry. As a tour organisation w e built excellence in safety, operational reliableness and guest religious service. The Qantas main transmission line is transportation guest to one train to diametrical perpetrate utilize two brand airlines Qantas and jester. Qantas operate regional, home(prenominal)ated and international service. We provide the best function in order to suck in client loyalty. As expedition sector Qantas go the obeying air mile stone which one is the corking for the travel sector. Where Qantas fitted their main element is transportation. In operating is signifi chiffoniert large to bring travel and tourist industry. In margins total group operations, total passengers carried increased 3.5% in 2011/2012.The much increasing passenger kilometre by 3.15 in the financial socio- frugal class 2011/2012.In our organisation is hospitality sector.2.2. Identification of Qantas main stake holder and their elicita. Internal stake holderQantas StuffStuff do the great contribution in all governance. our Stuff perform specific duties in around modern economics. They dressd social intercourseship between individual and muckle if any customers un able with our service than flood motivated them. Stuff endlessly look after their customer.Qantas ManagerManager is near element of any organisation. They contribute their skill, k like a shotledge, experience, expertise return salary, status, payment and bonus. If client not happy with obturates or their restrain any problem because manager nowadays talks with customer.Qantas workforceOrganization hiring the skills and receiving bonus, wages and progressions. Qantas always recruit pendent employees. Those spate get the different quality of bonus, promotion. We fatality offer you a skilled, experienced person if they do good job properly then we keep you for this job if you happy.Qantas sh beholder shargonholder who invest money and they pass judgment profit. Thats wherefore they spend a lot of money. So a s nerve shareholders contribute lots of thing. Whose are invest money for our Qantas they our entire internecine stake holder. Shareholder always invest when they think that is the profitable for them. Shareholder always linked with sustainability and risk management.b. External stake holder customerThe core of result or go is to provide the best services to customers. customer who buy our increase or service and springtime us money. Qantas always wishing to fulfil customer pick outs and expectation customer is the outdoor(a) stakeholder in Qantas airlines. Our Qantas always equals customer involves their requirements.Insurance clubInsurance telephoner are the outside stakeholder of our company. when our customer go one place to an new(prenominal)(a) place they impoverishment to support security. thats why our liveliness insurance provide that figure of installing.Qantas supplierQantas have different slip of supplier provender supplier , elicit supplier. Some of company provide good food for our airlines customer. When our airline landed then airlines essential fuel. A rock embrocate company provide fuel.GovernmentGovernment gave some policy. When we run our Qantas organization we always follow government rules and regulation. Qantas provide government tax, vat. Government is our external stake holder.AgentWhen our customer wants to go one place to another place. Then they need to be ticket. Agent eat them ticket and e verything. Qantas travel agency they do that job. They sell our ticket and take from us percentage. So agent is the good point as organization and customer.We have more than than some external stake holder include hotel, restaurant, and car lease organization.2.3. PESTLE ANALISIS OF QANTAS AIRLINESPestle analysis is component of strategic management describes a framework of macro- milieual factors. The PESTLE analysis is classic for the merchandise development (Johnson and Scholes, 1999).PESTLE analysis using for concern do, market place up and down. Using PESTLE we now describe how it is work for Qantas.(P)oliticalPolitical factor is very important part for airlines industries. The expediental issues Qantas problem includes governmental stability, corruption and tax. Qantas stable with strong politic countries to run their headache. British airways and Qantas limited are considering a potential which is considered the around ambitious initiatives form of worlds aviations industry. Qantas have license to run their business. Qantas keep of oil under the control of organisation of the petroleum exporting countries female genitals lead to fuel price.(T)echnologicalThe technological innovated development has Qantas airways. The two new aero planes do non-stop flying between two continents. Qantas have online booking system. Where ever our customer they nooky book tickets via the online. High technology bathroom rising customer expectation. Qantas always use high technology product and service. They have developed the worlds most advanced aeroplanes 380A and B747.These really improved the convenience of flying.(E)conomicalEconomic issues are other aspects of aviation industry. Inflation of currency rates chamberpot affect the Qantas where they leads to unfit of economy. At this time financial recession turned into the economic crisis, Qantas Airways special will inevitably be affected. Foreign change rates merchantman affect Qantas airlines.. Customer is everything is an organization. The financial report 30 June 2009 revenue was $14.3 one thousand million but in 2012 it reduced $13.6 billion. The profit of Qantas in the financial course was $117 million AS 30 June 2009 it reduced $112 million.(S)ocio- culturalQantas has lots of kind customer. The airlines industry showed a great influence on the Australian life. shop identity is important (Campbell,1999) for an airline industries. Qantas has strong brand identity thats why they using Australian nation al symbol.. Australian government recently released an term on the report of the status of the airlines industry. Qantas brand quality knows all over the world. Qantas offers different guinea pig of service using low cost prices to customer purchasing behaviour.(E)nvironmentalWhere we situated our Qantas organization is their environment friendly or not. our Qantas wastages of fuel it is not good for environment. It could be pollute our environment. In our customer uses the cloth. afterward using cloth it is rubbish put on the bean. We must follow the Qantas uses the environment protection system. Qantas sometimes decrease emission of fuel.(L)egalLegal aspects are important for Qantas airlines. Qantas maintaining health and safety rules for the customer and employees. They are following food and hygiene roles. Qantas industry must follow the employment rules and regulation. That law maintains all of employee customer. Anybody end not smoke in airlines.2.4. Main merchandise issu es of Qantas airlinesQantas position in international airline market is more than in the domestic market. When All over the world have lots of airlines. They are rival all(prenominal) others. Qantas face strong competition among other airlines. It is very difficult to Qantas increase their gross sales to focus on their market segments. Qantas always try to br each(prenominal) their customer proper products and service. Qantas fulfil their expectation and needs. Thats why Qantas follow the market segments issues. Market segments can be increase their customer. Qantas airline shoot effective marketing amalgamate system promote product service. every organisation follows the marketing unite scheme. As an airlines company Qantas always want to promote their business.TASK TWO3. merchandise strategy merchandise strategy is establish in macro environment and micro environment say through of stakeholders such as stuff public, intermediaries, customers, suppliers competitors to th e rank market.Qantas cleavageMarket segmentation divide of a market different type of customer with aforementioned(prenominal) needs. The purpose of market segmentation is ensure that the elements of marketing liquefy design to different customer specific needs. A marketing termreferring tothe aggregating of prospective buyers into groups that have common needs and will respond too to a marketing exercise. Qantas have limited resources that are not come-at-able to produce all time for all populate.Qantas targetingQantas must use why masses target few markets and how these markets are identified. Qantas do the targeting based on our market segmentation. Qantas following demographic segmentation. They are targeting midsection class population to upper class people. Lower class people cannot by the economic class tickets. Qantas has got some regular customer. They travelling always and recommended some other customers. Qantas targeting the high class customer. If we keep our customer than we know what our customer needs and wants. and we want to fulfil the our customer needs. Thats why Qantas stuffs always try to ca-ca good telling with customer.Positioning of QantasPositioning is the art of designing the companys go and image place in the mind of the target market. In put we must need to know the how we going to good position in business strategy. We must follow that customer needs and expectation. If company want to go a good position than Qantas must fulfil customer requirements. We can do the advertising campaign than our customer knows about Qantas airlines and them benignant in our airlines. We are aware of our customer how we provide our service. As type we fixing our companys reputation.TYPE OF MARKET SEGMENTATIONGeographic segmentationThis market is segmented gibe to geographic criteria nations, states, regions, countries, cities, neighbourhood, geographic info create a more accurate profile of Qantas airlines. Qantas provide an indica tion of provide according to different geographic regions.. All over the world have different type of customer. When Qantas using their geographic segmentation then we targeting which countries customer most using our Qantas airlines. For example European countries people using our airlines more than Asiatic people. That why we are targeted European market. We always try to keep all of customer. We provide all of good flights in European countries.Demographic partDemographic segmentation consists of dividing the market into groups based on variables such as age, gender, family size, income, occupation, education, religion, race and nationality. Demographic segmentation variables are amongst the most popular bases for segmenting customer groups. This is partly because customer wants are closely linked to variables such as income and age. Also, there is often much more info on tap(predicate) to booster with the demographic segmentation process. In our Qantas airlines see the ages people prefer our service most. On this segmentation we apothegm the most of the people are over forty users. Most of are educated people. Our Qantas most users Christian religions people. star more think our most of the customer are gentle man. disparate customer have different income. We using the first class, economic class, business class.Psychographic SegmentationPsychographic depends on personal satisfaction. Psychographicsis the science of using demographics to better visualise consumers. Psychographic segmentation is divided according to their lifestyle, personality, values and social class.. Every people have different ideas and nature. Psychographic segmentation according to their opinions surveys is one tool for measure life style includes activities interest, opinions, attitudes, values. In this segmentation our customer has different life style. Different people have different social class. For example our middle class customer uses the economic class seat and rich people using the business class. On this segmentation we provide different people different service.Behavioural SegmentationIn behavioural segmentation, consumers are divided into groups according to their knowledge of, attitude towards, use of or response to a product. It is actually based on the behaviour of the consumer. Some people have enough money. They are want some extra facility. Behavioural segmentation is based on customer behaviour toward products include (benefits sought, usage rates, brand loyalty, user status, readiness to buy, occasion).3.2. Product service which have using Qantas airlineOur company using different type of product and service. sum up grasp development linked with marketing development. The value of chain development cogitate (Shi and Makkula, 2004) to internal business development through an integrated system by using advance technology such as e-booking, e-mailing ,internal communication ,and e-marketing. Supply chain development involves exter nal stakeholders such as suppliers ,customer ,and public interests(Christopher,1999). Collaborations very important in building the supply chain development (Todeva and Knoke, 2005).Qantas generated wage in the past three years (Yahoo pay, 2012). The main aim of product or services to provide to working customer. According to Mittal ET a1 (1998), service attributes determine the train of customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and customer retaining to generate profit in an organisation. The of the Qantas provides safety and security as comfortable journey. According to Yahoo Finance (2012), Qantas operated a fleet of 308 aircrafts to comfort its customers as at 30 June 2012.E-ticketing is facility to customers which is largely used by the Qantas management in the current market.3.3. Qantas set strategyQantas airlines acquiring position to attract customer determine strategy will support this position. Qantas offering lower pricing strategy to customers. Qantas unremarkably c hange the price according number of customer. Qantas serve the customer and give them proper service. pricing strategy can attract the customer. According to Kotler (2003),a pricing strategy can increase customer attraction towards the products positioning which can generate more profit for an organisation. We using our business policy dexterous and professed(prenominal)ly pricing team based in our head lieu make an important contribution to the effective operation in each business. Business Qualification is highly valued on this section not substantial for all rules. Qantas responsible for providing support analysing and accurate maintaining pricing strategy. Qantas have low cost airlines jester airways they deal with low cost budget for customer. Qantas give them cheap price and fulfil customer requirements.3.4. furtheranceal conflatePromotional mix has two classes personal and non-personal. personal mix who flat talking to each other, face-to-face in a meeting, or on the t elephone. Customer can ask questions about the companys brands and products. On-personal promotional mix refers to forwarding events and includes all print, broadcast and display tools. They provide important advice and a professional service in delivering a marketing communication campaign.Qantas promotional mix divides 5 parts1. advertise2. Sales promotion3. Public relation4. browseship5. site marketing.AdvertisingAdvertising is any paid-for mass communication activity. Advertising is the best which way people know our Qantas airlines. Advertising can be down throwing TV, Newspaper, build board, magazine, online, internet, poster, tourist brand publication, ambient media. When we advertised the publisher customer get our Qantas volume discount. When people watching television they saw the advertise of Qantas airlines. tidy sum go one place to another place they saw the Qantas billboard. Our broadcast message gone throw the internet it is essential for the target customerSale s promotionSales promotion is marketing communication function that is adds value to brand image. When customer buy something that time using sales promotion. When company new product launches customer hire to trial this products. Thats why product price is gone to be cheaper. In particular sales promotion must be targeted in target markets. Qantas always give their customer discount voucher offer. Promotion includes labour market and pulls market strategy.AdvertisingPublic RelationSales promotionSponsorship Direct marketingPublic relationQantas want to increase their sales that are why they using the public elation tools. Qantas did their business by listening and responding positively to customer. Qantas do the long term relation with public. contemporary time public relation is the best way to promote Qantas products. If company wants raising their reputation than it is very important always good relation with public. The public relations role includes managing publicity aimed at financial stakeholders and political bodies, as well as promoting company image and specific brands.Direct marketingDirect marketing means organization promote their business directly with customer. Qantas face to face conversation with their customer. What new service and products provide from Qantas they are describing that sort of part? Qantas want to give them proper motivation. If product is good than customer used it if it is not than customer dont use itSponsorshipSponsor can be promote business. Every year Qantas lots of customer go one place to another place. When they travelling abroad they can facing lots of problem. For example flood, tsunami can affected Qantas customer. Thats why they need to life secured position. Qantas always give them proper life insurance policy which one is good for the Qantas customer.3.5. ORGANISATION DISTRIBUTION STRATEGYQantas uses the different type of dispersal or market channel to provide customer convenience. dissemination strategy Qantas uses different types of method. Distribution strategy make available info to customer. Qantas do reservation and payment system. Qantas airlines uses website to increase customer purchasing power. It is good for the customer getting range of airlines choice. Wholesalers buy goods and service from producer. The internet is the a la mode(p) tool of Qantas distribution strategy for target customer. Qantas using the sales promotion to direct getting the customer. We using advertising and media to promote our service. Qantas is largely snarly to the network development. Supply chain development helps to speed up the distribution to the targeted audiences (Attaran and Attaran, 2007).The management acquire both direct or indirect distribution strategy to gain customer loyalty. Distribution strategy is important in the marketing development.3.6. Marketing mix using Qantas CompanyMarketing mixMarketing mix is one of the successful mixes of the right product sell at the right price in the right place using the sufficient promotion. Marketing mix is the marketing condition. It is a part of marketing plan. Marketing mix is called 4Ps and 7Ps.The 4Ps are product, price, promotion, and place. Additionally added process, people and physical evidence. Marketing mix always prefer always consists of 7Ps. 7Ps include.A. ProductB. PriceC. PromotionD. PlaceE. ProcessF. PeopleG. Physical evidence3Ps extended marketing mixA high level of quality service can gain customer satisfaction and customer retention. A good service quality can increase customer loyalty that allows the management to gain profit (Heskett et a1., 1994).Marketing mix strategy should be acquired an organisation to promote products and services to gain profits.Marketing 3PsPeopleProcessPhysical evidenceThe 3Ps extended marketing mix strategy strength its marketing positioning. These strategies are people, process and physical evidence (Chaffely 2007).Therefore, customer service is an important part in th e airline industry. Qantas provide good customer service and stuff educational activity to increase their skills. As claimed by Maslow and Lowery (1998), stuff basis needs should be fulfilled before can motivate them to improve service quality.PeopleStuff is the most important person for Qantas airlines. So recruiting the right stuff in a right position and properly trained them. Qantas stuff has proper knowledge, skills, capacity that they provide good service to our customer. People are referred to internal marketing which relates to stuff communication. Qantas always trained their stuff and give feedback which way they giving the proper customer service.ProcessProcess is the service of organization delivering the professionally to our Qantas valuable customer. Qantas make their product systematically thats why Qantas customer easily reveal out what ever their need. Qantas need always provide good service on right way. Qantas always getting customer feedback. If customer unhappy for our service then we want to give them proper service.Physical evidencePhysical evidence is the element of service which allows the customer make judgments on the organization. People like always tripping and nice environment. If customer walk into the Qantas organization than they see the Qantas airline is ransack and environment friendly.Task ThreeMarketing lookMarketing look is the aspects of business environment determine economic market demand for be product. It is helps to better understand how to attract or retain customer to business. Marketing look process defines marketing opportunity and problems observe marketing action and moldings the solution to management. Marketing enquiry controlled all of knowledge about customers. It is important for business strategy. This process generate and evaluate marketing action specifies the randomness required for roll uping information. Marketing look into provide planning to the market stages.There have five stage of ma rketing queryResearch design developmentProblem definitionData appeal account statement presentationData analysisFirst stage problem defineMarketing seek clearly defined objectives or find out real problem of Qantas airlines. A clear and written objective helps business owners avoid the real problem. A useful research market should take hold problem that needed the research and it is importance. In this stage marketing tec of Qantas airlines find out marketing research problem has to find out the problem that needs to be investigating. In this stage they do the environment is needed to formulate research problem that is related. So marketing research identify the problem and identification of the specific. A useful research should retain the specific problem necessities the research and its importance.Second stage -research design developmentThe marketing research design what research methods for salt away info of Qantas airlines and which are most suitable for enshrouding problem set. The methods will depend on how suitable for addressing the problem set.There are two types of marketing research numerical researchQualitative researchQuantitative Research It is interested in quantifying (number) and analysing the responses of a representative sample.Surveys and questionnairesTesting and experimentationQualitative Research It is based on quality of Qantas airlines. Qualitative research find out what type of quality service provide Qantas airlines.Focus group (regular customer)Depth interviews (finding travel problem)Mystery shopping (third party to check your service)Qantas airlines marketing manager top executive useSurveys and questionnairesThird stage Data collectionIn this stage, we need to collect info. Marketing research involves two type of data research. aboriginal data sources, Secondary data sources. Secondary resource should be the first line of collecting data when conducting marketing research. They are widely available and often inexp ensive. If petty(a) data dont have objectives the researcher must collect data. Although indigenous data fits more research objectives, data collection can be costly and time consuming. Because he need data to find out the problems. There are two types of data collection source. primitive research dataSecondary research data primal research data radical research data specifically designed to address the problem identified. The process is collecting the original data about the market. The research carried out after getting some knowledge from the companies. This process of research can be done by the marketer or can be person which specializes in these type of surveys. ancient research is not carried out organizations generally depend of tributary sources for information.Advantages of primary research dataPrimary research is very good for addressing the actual problem. It is shows that Qantas airlines problems and identifies the Qantas error. Primary market research finds data r egarding specific market.Researcher collecting data and examined their own needs. The organisation complete control the process and the research as far as its objective is connected. Research company can be asked find data regarding specific market rather than on mass market.Primary research finds out some relation with current situation of Qantas.Primary data using accurate tools which is good for the Qantas airline.Collector of primary data is the owner of that information and he need not share it with other companies and competitors.Disadvantages of primary research dataPrimary research is expensive for data collection. Collecting Qantas data using costly proposition primary research as marketer has to be involved.Researcher need to design everything.Primary research is long time process. Because of nature of Qantas the time required to do research accurately is very long as compared to secondary data.Primary research need to large number of human resource, data collection and su rveys.Secondary research dataResearcher of Qantas airlines probably check animated secondary resource become familiarized basic characteristics of this market. We might invented that some of information we need has been already collected. This process involves bothering information that is originator or a distributor of primary market research. Secondary research includes collecting information from third-party such as Qantas websites, Qantas sales and accounting records, magazine articles and Qantas marketers report. Customer doesnt directly join with us. They using third-party information and decided what they want to do. Customer also can find out any previously information used by the marketer from any internal or external source.Advantages of secondary research dataEasy to collecting secondary data. This includes the coition case of access to many sources of secondary data. Qantas with the availability of online access and secondary research used on that research.. Qantas of fers convenience and generally usages methods for all sources of secondary research.Secondary research is low costly than the other research. This data has allowed researchers access to valuable information for no cost to acquire.Secondary research more openly assessed. Secondary research is often priority to define in brief for an organisation.Secondary data help to research question. It can be help the researcher clarify questions.It is already done and got the result.Disadvantages of secondary research dataThe quality of secondary research can be poor.Sometimes secondary research cant find researchers needs.Secondary data is not same as running market.It is not relevant the current market situation. tail stages data analysisAfter collecting all of data we need to decide what method of analysis we used to make sense of data. We can take help from other experienced airline to observe the data whatever we collected. Data analysis stage is very important because we need to find out existing problem. Data analysis summarizing the response for each question for every participant. All summery calculate as determine the most comfortable answer can provide an overview of the survey information. winged calculation vary to according sampling method used to begin data. Data analysis can provide additional insight ,such as the two difference respondents.Final stages-report presentationThis is the final stage of marketing research process, its includes copying, coding, organizing, interpreting and verify the data collected. In this stage report

Media Streaming Techniques

Media Streaming TechniquesChapter 7 Media Streaming and retentivenesshouseIn this chapter, we learn about media pullulateing techniques and emblematic gismos wontd within streaming. Streaming is the dish out of media delivery via calculating machine lucres, n archaean notably the net.Learning OutcomesTo explain streaming and how media is convey via information processing system networksTo demote an outline of the convert and store of flick material.Media Streaming is the process of transmission system audio frequency recording frequency and video signals via computer networks, most notably the net profit. It requires three parts, a source (to encode the stream), a legion (to host the streaming service), and a browser or player (to view the stream).Streaming is an increasingly serious technology to learn about as nub continues to be delivered to a variety of internet relateed winds.Internet communications protocol Television (IPTV) is effectively streami ng programmes (both TV and wireless) and movies over the internet instead of terrestrial transfer. The media streamed whitethorn be live (e.g. news) or on-demand (e.g. movies, programmes etc.). IPTV is usually over a un open up or subscriber network e.g. VirginTV (UK) with a specified minimum spirit of Service. This should not be conf apply with Internet TV (a.k.a. Web TV) which is transmitted exploitation the selfsame(prenominal) protocols save primarily consumed via a weather vane-browser on the open internet (eg. BBC iPlayer).7.1 Stream Creation7.1.1 CaptureThe media stream fuck be pre-recorded or a live feed that is getd and run by means of an encoder. An audio live feed squeeze out be used for internet radio it requires a sound instrument panel to capture the audio gossip. Sound capture finesses can be internal (eg sound cards or intact computer mformer(a)board device) or external devices (e.g. audio interface) though it would be novel to review the earlier chap ter on professional versus domestic signal levels earlier assuming that a built-in motherboard can handle your incoming audio signal. Similarly, live video is via a camera (webcam poor quality, or video camera higher quality) but the capture device is typically by video capture cards, IEEE 1394 inter-group communication (aka Firewire) or for domestic quality, a USB device. some(prenominal) USB plug-in devices carry both audio and video signals it is the softw ar in the encoder that is discipline to look for where the feeds ar attached to the computer.Current tablet and smart-ph stars can be used as internet streaming devices. These, along with some cameras, argon al depicty cloud connected for computer stock and sharing while IP-Cameras (viewable and governable on streaming sites) can be used for home security measure etc. It is possible that these provide become more ubiquitous and take aim greater streaming functionality in the future.7.1.2 EncodingEncoding is performe d by an encoding software system package such as Adobe Flash bide Media Encoder. A live feed or pre-recorded media must(prenominal) be taut and fed into the stream at a suitable moment ramble and in a format with which the media emcee can cope for the purposes of experience and re-direction. It is necessary for any audio video compression process to feel the right decompressor at the play-out destination. Compression ( opus- esteem reduction) at the transmission end can be in either one or two puff encoding and at a constant instant footstep (CBR) or variable moment rate (VBR).Live encoding must be done in real-time on-the-fly so it is a one gag encoding i.e. the image selective information is analysed and compressed once. Pre-recorded info can be a multi-pass (usually two-pass) process so the quality of the encoding is higher, but is not used in live stream encoding.Constant bit rate (CBR) is used for media streaming as the encoding quality and feed to the innkeepe r remains at the same bit rate, so can be at the maximum level the process bequeath al moo. Variable bit rate (VBR) is controlled by the bit rate range (Minimum Maximum) or the sightly bit rate ( all(prenominal)(prenominal) pass is averaged, and hence several averages are re-averaged) to light upon a close to uniform bit rate for the stream. Variable bit rate is used for a multi-pass encoding process.7.2 Network Connectivity7.2.1 IP cope (Internet Protocol terminus)Every computer device that can be connected to the internet requires a unique computer send for so that it can be make, rather equivalent a telephone number. So to host a media stream that can be found on the internet, the media waiter requires a static IP address. Like telephone numbers in a directory, IP addresses are convertible to meaningful names by a Domain Name Server (DNS) process running on a web-hosting server. hence media servers and web-servers are closely coupled, and media is capable of univer se found using a web- found URL (Uniform Resource Locator) such as www.youtube.com.The source device (the computer or IP enabled camera etc.) necessarily to be found by the media server. This gist the device has to join the media servers network (a more permanent linkup) or pass on its IP address for the session (a temporary connection lasting until the session ends).Network RouterThe yoke among the source device and the media server whitethorn not be a direct connection, but may run through other connecting devices (network servers and routers). A router is a device that redirects data to some other connected device either on its own or another(prenominal) network. This is basically how the interconnectivity of the internet works, routing between the server acting as the source devices internet service provider to other networks and finally organism re-directed to the destination.Multiplexer (MUX) plainly it would be inefficient if the stream of data being passed to a media server is solely dedicated to one source device. This is a poor use of bandwidth, (bandwidth being the range of frequencies available in the data stream), so fivefold devices are streamed simultaneously. A multiplexer (MUX) is a device that is used to combine input streams into a single output stream which is then(prenominal) split hold into individual streams using a de-multiplexer (DEMUX).Figure 7-1 Multiplexer to Demultiplexer7.2.2 Web-Host ServersFor a stream to be found it must be make available to web-browsers or stand-alone players (e.g. Windows Media Centre). The web-host server handles the web-site connectivity but need not be the same computer as the media server but both need a connection between them that isnt prone to interruption. This web site often has a web page (HTML HyperText Markup Language) with a plug-in media player connected to the media stream being managed by the media server, and contains the web-site in which the page resides. Consequently it must lin k to the internet and Domain Name Server process to resolve the IP Address from the web-site name, so the routing can direct the end users browser to the host.Figure 7-2 Connection diagramThe browser tho needs to connect to the internet via its Internet Service provider to link to the media streams web-host server (see figure 7-2 Connection diagram). Hence any internet device with media playing capability could view the stream including smart-phones, tablets and PCs providing it has the right decompressing codec and can manage the bit rate of the stream from the media server. This is why it is important to tender various streams of differing quality, bit rate and formats (e.g. a Windows Media Video .WMV format blame may not play on an iPad without a conversion app).A further file often created at the time of the stream hosting web page is an announcement file. These are particularly important to make likely viewers aware of the content and set links to the media stream.Podcast and VodcastPodcasts are audio files that are available for download from a web hosting service (vodcasts are video inclusive podcasts) and differ from media steaming in so lots as the content is downloaded then play on the users device. Streamed media is viewable but not downloaded to the device. They are often announced by RSS feeds (a short web content file) to which your device has been connected.7.3 Media Streaming ServersA Media server is supererogatory software that runs on a typical web server (or file server with web-host server connection). It requires a static IP so its address does not alter on each session). The media server software needs to add additional protocols to those found on a wide web-server. In addition to Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) which is inbuilt with the web server, these additional protocols differ for proprietary server software. Real Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP) is for Adobe Flash systems along with HTTP Dynamic Streaming (HDS). Microsoft Media Services (MMS) is no longer supported for windows streaming and now uses HTTP and Real time go Protocol (RTSP), and finally in that location is an HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) protocol which is for orchard apple tree iOS based systems.Adaptive streaming (HDS, HLS and Microsoft Smooth Streaming) requires the stream to be disunited (which is how HTTP delivers content) and may utilise the MPEG-DASH codec. Adaptive streaming is where the content is streamed as fragments in a variety of bit range with the computer automatically selecting the coterminous most enamor sized fragment based on its legitimate playback state to minimise buffering. This differs from the senior method of providing different dedicated streams at constant bit rates and the client selecting one most appropriate to their computers (or routers) connection capability.7.3.1Content DeliveryUnicastIn a Unicast scenario the client connects to the server on a one-to-one basis. The number of clients is limited by bandwidth considerations.MulticastIn a multicast scenario the server streams to a multicast IP address (this is a special address on the clients network). This is a one-to- umteen basis and is an effective means of reaching many clients with less bandwidth overhead.UDP v TCPAll content (including streams) is delivered across a network in packets. In User Datagram Protocol(UDP) the stream is sent without guaranteeing the connection and no acknowledgement of receipt is made. UDP is seen as fallible but it is simpler and quicker. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is bi-directional so will check for receipt and retransmit missing packets. TCP is seen as reliable but bumper-to-bumper. A good discussion on this is at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_ProtocolComparison_of_UDP_and_TCP7.3.2Live StreamingA live stream needs to be seen at the time of broadcast. A live stream needs connection to a publishing baksheesh on the media server which connects to an encoding device. This may be another computer or a camera with IP addressable capability. The publishing foreshadow provides the connection between the content (live stream or pre-recorded) and the clients computer which links to it via a web-host request from the internet.7.3.3 Video on bring (VoD)If the stream is recorded then it is treatable in the same way as any pre-recorded media file. Note, it is not advisable to record an encoded stream and then re-encode it as this would severely compromise its quality.Streams and PlaylistsMedia streaming servers can have many pre-recorded files ready for streaming, often collected into separate playlists (one media file plays immediately afterwards another). These playlist or file streams can be on a continuous loop, or awaiting selection by a viewer through the browser. This latter selection method is called videoon-demand, although it equally applies to audio files as well.Bandwidth considerationsA media server can manage several streams and be cogitate to several web-hosts at the same time. This requires careful planning of the number of streams the media server can handle which is a function of its bandwidth connection. The more simultaneous streams being handled then the less the size of the bit rate is available for each of those streams. If a media server has a 1Gbit/second connection then it could notwithstanding handle 1000 x 1Mbit/second streams. However, full utilization of the bandwidth like this is not normally done there are recommended bit rates for video streams based on destination image size and manifestation ratio, e.g. a 1280* 720 HD video with stereo audio will require about a 2.5 Mbit/sec rate. A good source for this ishttp//www.adobe.com/devnet/adobe-media-server/articles/dynstream_live/popup.htmlPush blowThe relationship between the encoding source device and the media server is based on which device initiates the stream. i.e. it is PULLED from the source device by the media server (needed for video-on-de mand), or it is PUSHED to the server by the source device to start the service (a broadcast need). The media server needs to know how the stream is to be initiated for it to start the service.7.4 Storage7.4.1 Read Write facilitateAll devices that are used to store data (including audio and video) need to be able to draw up to the entrepot device high-speed than the transmitted data is fed to it, otherwise it must buffer (temporary memory store on a faster device) and then read from the buffer to maintain the data transmission sequence. Consequently if a device is used that cannot cope with the data transmission rate than it will fail or lose data e.g. using a low sieve SD card in a camcorder.Data is written to storage devices and stored in a binary format but unlike data transmission the Kilo/Mega/Giga/Terra sizes are based on multiples of 1024 (210) not 1000. The speed of data being read from a storage device may be muffleder than required to play in real-time which would w ill in its being prone to stutter and freeze.7.4.2 Simple Storage Devices ConsiderationsTapes early tapes (DVCAM, DV) required mark. This was to put a continuous time code on the tape before recording however later tape devices (including mini-DV camcorders) made this unnecessary, though any discontinuities or repetitions in the timecode could cause problems when ingesting material to an edit workstation.Cards cards such as SDHC have a class rating which will denote the read/write speed of the card in Megabits per second, and storage size in Gigabytes. Always check to check up on the card will work with the device and check to see if there is a device firmware update, particularly if the device is more than a year old.USB sticks as with cards their read write speeds differ wildly check using an on-line speed testing application, it is usually split up to transfer video files to a hard disc before using the file for playback or editing.CD and DVD turns have a read/write sp eed depending on the quality of the platter (recording speed), but another consideration is the data rate used in the writing process from such software as the video non-linear editor (NLE). An average bit rate (based on Peak and minimum Variable bit rate (VBR)) or constant bit rate (CBR) needs to be selected, that will not only write to the disk but allow the disk to be played on the output device. Computers can write to disks good at 9 11 Megabits per sec. But this needs to be slower (around 5 Mb per sec) if writing to a DVD that is to be played on an older standard-definition DVD player. You should consider the bit rate as part of your consideration of overall file size and the storage condenser on the disk. A good explanation of data rate count is given in-https//helpx.adobe.com/encore/using/project-planning.htmlbit_budgetingHard Disks Many older hard disks (often found in laptops) spin at 5400 rpm, this is too slow for video playback and a minimum 7200 rpm disk is needed . Hard disk read write at around 50-150 Mbytes per sec.SSD Solid State Disks are now finding favour due to faster read/write speeds than traditional hard disk technology. SSD read write speed is between 200-500 Megabytes per sec.7.4.3 Network StorageConnection speedAny network storage has to pass data via the network card (NIC network Interface Controller), this needs to be as fast as possible (preferably a character connection of 1Gbits per sec but a minimum of 10 Mbs for Ethernet). dissimilar other storage considerations network traffic can be bandwidth throttled (i.e. the bit rate is reduced) and will affect speed. If the NIC card is under your administration always set it on maximum performance.NAS, SAN, CloudNAS (Network Attached Storage) is what most slew think of as network storage- an array of hard disks that allows for file storage remotely from your computer directly accessible via the network.SAN (Storage Area Networks) are a separate network but pretty much do the same job as NAS differing in access protocol.The Cloud is just another remote storage area (uses SAN technology) but accessed via the internet (typified by a URL connection Uniform Resource Locator) not a topical anesthetic area network LAN connection (typified by a UNC connection Universal Naming Convention).7.4.4 burst wear (Redundant Array of Independent (or inexpensive) Disks) allows the disk storage to have a measure of tediousness and/or striping to create a secure method of retrieving data should there be a disk failure. For media technology only a few RAID levels (configurations) are used (i.e. Levels 0 and 5 see figure 7-3 Raid diagram).Level 0 usually this requires at least two disks and the data is striped across them. (Note It can be put on one physical disk using two logical drives but with littler advantage). That essentially means data is split into blocks and distributed across the disks. Typically used in video storage applications as it is fast, there is no periphrasis (no duplication) so recovery from a disk crash is almost impossible. Consequently if a disk fails then the file may not be fully recoverable. If you have RAID 0 on your disks, always be sure to keep an external copy of your original audio or video files.Level 1 disk mirroring, requires at least 2 disks but is slow as it writes the same data twice (once to each disk). Data is easy to recover as the system has full redundancy (disk duplicated). This level is good for general data and possibly audio only files. Many video editors feel this level is too slow for workings with video files.Level 5 block striping and similarity. This requires 3 disks minimum, data is striped across all the disks (except one) and the block parity is put on the excepted disk. This is done repeatedly using a different disk for parity on each block. One disk can fail and be rebuilt from the others by using the parity blocks on remaining disks. Raid 5 is also popular with video editors as lo ng as the rupture controller is fast enough. It is slower than level 0 but faster than Level 1 and has enough redundancy for disk recovery.

Sexual Assault in the Army

intimate combat in the ArmyThe infr atomic number 18d struggle knowledgeable round outa makest Women in the ArmyIn 2012 a documentary entitled The Invisible War dealing with intimate dishonor against women raised attention to an foreshorten that has been rargonly spoken about. As an issue, it has been gaining attention in recent geezerhood however, and even president Obama (Office of the Press Secretary, 2014) describes it as a profound immorality in a speech he made in January. sexual besiege in the array affects a certain category of the Ameri crapper population that is ill-treatd. This paper will focus mainly on stager women, explaining the causes behind their victimization, the measures the U.S officials clear been trying to implement to limit such possibilitys, and at long last it will provide some real study cases.The Report to the President of the United States on intimate Assault Prevention and Response (Depatment of Defense., 2014) came as a response to president Obamas request to the defense part to improve their policies against versed assault in the armed forces system. It defines sexual assault as intentional sexual cont comprise characterized by use of force, threats, intimidation, or abuse of authority or when the victim does non or can non consent (2014). set in motion on this definition, the rapport states that the number of victims of sexual assault between 2013 and 2014 ar as follows 4,3% for women and 0,9% for men. It too shows that despite the increase in 2012 concerning the number of sexual assault cases against women in the army, there is a decline from 6,1% to 4,3% in 2014 (same as 2010). In simpler terms, women are 5 durations more likely to shoot sexually assaulted than men in the army. These figures imply an aggressiveness against women in position considering that veteran women make up only 14,5% of the active-duty force (Statistics on Women in the forces, 2011).Some would explain this behavior throu gh the womens rightist hypothesis that sexual violence against women is a way for men to reinforce their power, hence track it as a gender issue (Peterson Bailey, 1992 Hagan Peterson, 1995 Baron Straus, 1987). In chapter eightsome of umbrage and Inequality (Hagan Peterson, 1995), the writers explore different surveys and experiments made to prove the kind between gender inequality and violence against women, especially rape. They implore that such violence is intended to keep women in their place (1995). Clark and Lewis (1997) also argue that in societies where women are regarded as possessions of men, it is more likely that men would execution their power by forcing and threatening women into sexual activities (cited in Baron Straus, 1987).Although this theory does not relate to women in the army in particular, but it tries to establish the relationship between the sociostinting inequality between men and women from whizz hand, and the sexual abuse women suffer from. (Hagan Peterson, 1995). The central argument is that rape is root in male domination of sociopolitical and economic activities (Williams and Holmes 1981). Thus, rape is expected to be more common where women hold little political or economic power and the occupational status of women is inferior (Peterson Bailey, 1992).In Addition to the berth that men assault women sexually to reinforce their power, sexual assault might be attributed to some other causes. One of the main instruments which are associated with spirited try of rape, in particular, is the work place environment. Veteran women share their quiescency quarters with male soldiers which provide an environment in which the assailant has an easier access. Women also may experience pressure and may be obliged to go out demeaning comments or gestures (Sadler, Booth, Cook, Doebbeling, 2003).According to Pauline Jelinek (2012) in her article armed forces alcohol abuse culture is now a crisis. It is known that imbibin g alcohol and consuming drugs within the ranks of the military is a culture, and is considered as an escape from what they experience in the contend. However, this has numerous draw screenings such as sexual aggression against veteran women. In fact, it is reported that half of perpetrators in the military are under the influence of alcohol or drugs at the time of (Sadler, Booth, Cook, Doebbeling, 2003).Mans tendency to act violently is another factor associated with high rate of rape. This is proven by a meta-analysis of sex variation in physical aggression. It shows that men are more likely to act violently and that 62 per cent of those who are injured by a partner are women (Archer, 2000). This is explained by what Melissa M. McDonald, Carlos David Navarrete and Mark Van Vugt (2012) margin call The male warrior hypothesis. They argue that men are programmed to act aggressively to gain access to mates, territory and increased status. This tendency to act violently can be inter preted as ane major cause of sexual assault.Furthermore, womens silence increases the rate of rape. This is attributed to barriers to justice where women feel that they are at risk of retaliation by the assailants. In fact, offenders usually outrank the victims and consequently, women are obliged to make a choice between their military charge or seeking justice. What is worse is that commanders not only fail to administer the protection of those women but also they put the blame on women for destroy the careers of good soldiers claiming that this is not a big deal and not expense causing conflict in the unit (Stalsburg, 2011).Despite the existence of sexual crimes in the military, a great number of methods and victim assistance programs have been actually implemented by the the Statesn army to prevent the occurrence of such cases. Bystander Intervention Training provided by the Department of Defence is champion of the methods that encourages and shows all the service members h ow to intervene safely when they see situations at risk for sexual assault (U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 2013). Another fosterage that only commanders receive is The command training and efforts to address sexual assault (2013). It teaches commanders to assume an effectual responsibility by adopting certain rules and initiating some directions. It trains hence high ranked officers to prevent the setting up of environments that foster sexual harassment(2013).As far as the military response to victims is concerned, devil major reporting options are available for military members to opt for. The first, the all-weather reporting option, implies criminal investigation in which command and law enforcement are provided with details of the incidents (U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 2013). The restricted reporting option, on the other hand, provides help for victims in terms of medical and healthcare, but it does not imply an official investigation. This option is made specifically for women who like not to reveal the harassers identity or to call de jure for their rights.In addition to these methods, every military installation has a internal Assault Response Coordinator (SARC) and at least one Victim suggest who is responsible for connecting victims with appropriate resources and services (U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 2013). Although several(prenominal) measures have been adopted in the military, most women being raped prefer to be silent and not to uncover the truth.Even though America have the most powerful army in the world, it has in its ranks a secret an invisible story- that many women wont dare to reveal. However, in 2012 these women decided to break this silence and speak out in an fact-finding and a documentary film entitled The Invisible War (2012) which evolved almost the sexual assault and harassment in the US military. This film assist these women to uncover the truth, tell their stories and share their experiences.One of these women is Kori Cioca who was serving in the US coast guard and was stationed in Michigan and was raped by one of the commander officers back in 2005 (Stebner, 2013). During the aggression and while calling for help, her assailant hit her and broke her jaw. She didnt have the courage to report this incident because of the threats she received and the fear of losing her job (Stebner, 2013).In her article the Invisible War New charter Exposes outrage, Sexual Assault Epidemic in U.S Military Amy Goodman (2012) interviewed Ms. Cioca where she told her horrible story about the aggression. In fact, her superior began by harassing her verbally but she refused these sexual suggestions. She said he didnt rape me because I was pretty or that he wanted to have sex with me he raped me because he hated me, and he wanted to show me that I wasnt as great as I thought I was. This statement can be interpreted in favor of the feminist view of sexual assault discussed earlier. As for the victim, she though t about committing self-destruction but she changed her mind when she knew that shes pregnant. Until now, although she feels traumatized and fights everyday to win her right back, she dust hopeful and confident that one day justice will share its course.To sum up, sexual assault against women has been an invisible war, a afflict in the most honorable institution like the U.S. military. Its causes go back to different factors human nature in general and the environment of the army in particular. The U.S officials and mainly the department of defense have been implementing different measures in the different levels of the armed forces to eliminate this problem. However, what the story of Kori Cioca reveal can imply the limits of such measures and the commitment to stop this sexual aggressiveness against women.ReferencesArcher, J. (2000). Sex Differences in Aggression Between Heterosexual Partners. Psychological Bulletin, 126(5), 651-680. Retrieved December 2014, from http//www.batt eredmen.com/ArcherSexDifferencesMeta-AnalyticReviewf2000.pdfBaron, L., Straus, M. A. (1987, December). Four Theories of Rape A Macrosociological Analysis. Social Problems, 34(5).Depatment of Defense. (2014, November 25). Report to the President of the United States on Sexual Assault Prevention and Response. Retrieved December 2014, from The United States Department of Defense Sexual Assault Prevention and Response. http//sapr.mil/public/docs/reports/FY14_POTUS/FY14_DoD_Report_to_POTUS_Full_Report.pdfGoodman, A. (2012, janaury 30). The Invisible War New Film Exposes Rape, Sexual Assault Epidemic in U.S. Military. Retrieved December 2014, from Democracy immediately http//www.democracynow.org/2012/1/30/the_invisible_war_new_film_exposesHagan, J., Peterson, R. (Eds.). (1995). Crime and Inequality. Stanford, California. Stanford University Press.Jelinek, P. (2012, september 9). Military Alcohol shout Culture Is Now A Crisis, Report Finds. Retrieved December 2014, from http//www.huffi ngtonpost.com/2012/09/18/military-alcohol-abuse-drug-drinking_n_1893360.htmlMcDonald, M. M., Navarrete, C. D., Vugt, M. V. (2012, January 23). growth and the psychology of intergroup conflict the male warrior hypothesis. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS B. Retrieved December 2014, from http//rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/ theme/367/1589/670Office of the Press Secretary. (2014, January 22). Remarks by the President and Vice President at an Event for the Council on Women and Girls. Retrieved from The White House http//www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/01/22/remarks-president-and-vice-president-event-council-women-and-girlsPeterson, R. D., Bailey, W. C. (1992, Mai). Rape and Diemnsions of sex activity Socioeconomic Inequality in The U.S Metropilitician Area. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 29(2), 162-177.Sadler, A. G., Booth, B. M., Cook, B. L., Doebbeling, B. N. (2003). Factors Associated With Womens Risk of Rape in the Military Environment. AMERICAN journal OF I NDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, 43, 262273. Retrieved December 2014, from http//www.arlingtonwestsantamonica.org/docs/Sadler_Military_Environment.pdfStatistics on Women in the Military. (2011, September 30). Retrieved December 14, 2014, from The Womens recital http//www.womensmemorial.org/PDFs/StatsonWIM.pdfStebner, B. (2013, february 13). The Invisible War Former Coast Guard recruit tells of how dread(a) rape at hands of commanding officer made her conjecture suicide. Retrieved December 2014, from Mail Online http//www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2277917/Kori-Cioca-tells-Katie-Couric-horrific-rape-contemplated-suicide.htmlTHE INVISIBLE WAR. (2012). Retrieved december 2014, from the invisible war http//invisiblewarmovie.com/index.phpU.S. Commission on Civil Rights. (2013, September). 2013 Statutory Enforcement Report Sexual Assault in the Military. Retrieved December 2014, from United States Commission on Civil Rights http//www.usccr.gov/pubs/09242013_Statutory_Enforcement_Report_Sexual_Ass ault_in_the_Military.pdf

Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis Case Studies

Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis graphic symbol StudiesThe primary(prenominal) aim of this essay is to show different aspects of medical conditions ranging from pathophysiology, symptoms, hazard parts, and the attention of two case studies. The early case study deals with osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. The second case deals with peptic ulcers and gastric esophageal ebbing unhealthiness. To embrace both patients medical condition, knowing the conditions pathophysiology is quintessential.Osteoarthritis is a disease of the joins, which affects the slippery tissue called gristle which covers the joints (Kapoor, Martel-Pelletier, Lajeunesse, Pelletier Fahmi, 2010). The cartilage in healthy individuals ensures smooth sliding of grind aways over separately new(prenominal) and better shock absorbance. In osteoarthritic patients, wearing of the top grade of cartilage go aways to rubbing of rig divulges against one an different (Swift, 2012). This catchs firing off of the joint evident from swelling, unhinge and limited joint activity as clock time progresses (Kapoor et al, 2010). Excessive rubbing school principals to gradual decrease in bone wee with loss in shape, bone spurs growing at edges of joints and a to a greater extent anguishful condition manifested by floating of broken bones at joints in joint spaces (Swift, 2012).Osteoporosis on the other hand is marked by an im offset between bone resorption and bone formation do loss of skeletal mass (Huether McCance, 2012). In the normal physiological condition, bone resorption and formation are always in balance, thus maintaining the bone strength and mass. Any disorder in these two processes much(prenominal)(prenominal) as increased resorption or reduced formation can lead to osteoporosis (Huether McCance, 2012). In the above case Claire reported a fall and suffering which is a vulgar symptom in an osteoporosis case.The common modifiable risk component parts associated with osteopo rosis are vitamin D and calcium inadequacy (Wickham, 2011). Similarly cola, inebriant inlet and smoking are three modifiable factors which can increase the chances or insensibility of the disease. Excessive alcohol or cola drinks intake leads to secondhand osteoporosis by affecting bone formation, absorption of calcium and vitamin D, and disorder in calcium regulating hormone (Metcalfe, 2008). Estrogen deficiency can lead to post menopause condition where bone resorption is faster than bone formation (Marini Brandi, 2010). Lack of physical activity can make Claire disposed to osteoporosis (Metcalfe, 2008).Along with the above mentioned modifiable factors there are certain non-modifiable factors on which the control is less. Aging is the first factor which can lead to such disease (Barreiro, Acosta, Marquez, Rodriguez, Arriaga, 2013). In ageing, the supply of osteoblasts decreases against the demand of the body. Similarly genetic sensitivity and epigenetic are non-modifiable factors, the mothers health status during pregnancy, child drop got burden and weight at 1 year are prognosticative of bone mass till 70 years in womanish (Marini Brandi, 2010). The bone diseases like rheumatoid arthritis can withal leads to osteoporosis (Huether McCance, 2012).Experiencing distress may be the first factor Claire experiences with her osteoarthritis (Swift, 2012). The drying of synovial unstable leads to callousness of joints which may have been felt by Claire in her hip and knee joints (Swift, 2012). The constant presence of stiffness may lead to muscle weakness in that battleground. The weakening of muscles, drying of fluid, and inflammation combined effect may prune her movements such as bending, flexing and extending of joints (Goldring Otero, 2011).Osteoporosis often goes unnoticed until a fracture materializes (Brown, 2009). Claire was diagnosed with osteoporosis thus she may have experienced certain clinical manifestations which are common in osteoporosis. Since Claire has sustained fractures in her left colles and right shin bone/fibula she may experience acute suffering during movement of her work force and legs (Brown, 2009). The fractures she received referable to osteoporosis may limit her movement and affect the weight bearing capacity of her legs (Brown, 2009). With constant loss of bone at area of fractures, Claire may find it hard to jump erect and may stand in a stoop posture. Loss of height may occur due to increased bone loss (Brown, 2009).Post-operative nursing distinguishment of Claire involves a number of interventions to address the issues faced by Claire. In osteoarthritis and osteoporosis, the intimately common symptom experienced by patient is pain (Swift, 2012). Thus, the restrains interventions mustiness be to reduce the pain, by doing a pain assessment by means of a recommended scale. The pain must be mensural for areas moved(p), severity and Claires reporting of pain. The PRN medica l specialtys must be administered to Claire as per prescription and timing must be noted for each medication and dose (Colon, 2012). The imbibe should take care of any of Claires wounds through proper wound management interventions, in order to prevent inflammation and infection (Brown, 2009). Possibilities, of the fracture would mean Claire may stay in behind for a prolonged period, thus chances of having pressure ulcer increases. The same would assume for deep vein thrombosis which nurses can prevent by applying TED stockings (Brown, 2009). Nurses must transplant her position every 2 hours and a pillow can be provided at pressure areas to Claire. Nutrients, fluid and diet management should be on the watch with consultation with a dietician or a nutritionist (Brown, 2009). physical therapist interventions are required to assist her with walking and simultaneously the neurovascular assessment must be assessed by nurses to prevent neurovascular degeneration (colon, 2012).The imm ediate nursing interventions for Claire would be a primary assessment for immediate danger. The nurse should take a physical assessment on Claire, including assessing her airway patency and circulation. A pain assessment is essential as it provides the only way to ensure that management methods are appropriate and in force(p) (Elliott Coventry, 2012). The nurse should carry out a pain assessment on Claire using the PQRST model. This flake of pain assessment gives a detailed account of pain helping nurses to administer pain reduction medications keeping in mind the allergic reactions and six rights (Elliott Coventry, 2012). The nurse should document when analgesia was administered to Claire so other care team members will have a clear understanding of Claires pain (Brown, 2009). Claire must be assessed often for her presence of pain and she must be case-hardened straight off and effectively (Elliott Coventry, 2012).A number of factors play an important role in eliciting compli cations (early and later) post fracture cognitive operation. Complications which may be associated with Claires fracture operating theatre are during surgery the cutis and soft tissues are cut go across to reach to the bones, thus chances of bacterial infections exist which can lead to portentous situations if not prevented properly (Brown, 2009). both(prenominal) other serious complication of fracture is compartment syndrome where it causes decreased capillary perfusion below the level necessary for tissue viability (Brown, 2009). Presence of other co morbidities can prolong the recovery stage. Venous thrombosis can also lead to a complication after fracture (Brown, 2009). Precipitating factor is venous stasis which can be caused by incorrectly applied casts to Claire (Brown, 2009). Another contributing factor for the fracture complication on Claire if not treated properly would be flesh out embolism syndrome where presence of systemic fat globules is distributed into tissu es and organs after a traumatic skeletal injury (Brown, 2009).Case study 2Pathophysiology of gastro esophageal reflux disease is when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is attached to the leap out in the form of a plumb circuit (Huether McCance, 2012). Any structural changes occurring in between the stomach and esophageal barrier associated with abnormal relaxation of LES can lead to gastro esophageal reflux disease (Huether McCance, 2012).peptic ulcers occur with excess secretion of hydrochloric pane and pepsin, this impairs the balance between gastric luminal factors and the action of the gastric mucosal barrier, (Huether McCance, 2012). The main functions of gastric mucosal barrier are secretion of bicarbonate, defense of epithelial cells and mucosal simple eye flow. With increased secretion of acid, the mucosal barriers are affected and thus histamine is released. This activates the parietal cells to release more acids causing ulcers (Huether McCance, 2012).A clinical manifestation of peptic ulcers and gastro esophageal disease is heart burn, caused by acid reflux thus causing an inflamed esophagus (Huether McCance, 2012). Regurgitation occurs due to the loss of the mechanical barrier between the stomach and esophagus and is change by gastric acid reflux. Justin may experience upper abdominal pain within an hour of eating meals (Huether McCance, 2012). Due to excessive diarrhea, skin may get irritated, red and swollen. The stool with blood in it may be black and have an offensive smell due to oxidisation of hemoglobin (Huether McCance, 2012). The dysphagia experienced by Justin could be due intake of alcohol or acid containing nourishment which leads to esophageal spasms (Huether McCance, 2012). Due to excessive fluid loss, nurses may have noted that Justin presented as dehydrated.One common cause of Justins peptic ulcer could be his lifestyle of takeaway meals such as fried food, eating spicy and junk foods which has been hypothesized as a causal factor for ulceration (Huether McCance, 2012). Another major cause could be infection of the gastric and duodenal mucosa with Helicobacter pylori and regular use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug drugs (NSAIDs), especially those that are classified as COX-1 inhibitors (Huether McCance, 2012). In Justins case, he has been buying over the counter medications for his chronic back pain which may increase the risk factor of gastric ulceration. The other associated factor would be alcohol consumption (Huether McCance, 2012). The medications commonly used to treat peptic ulcers are acid suppressors antacids such as ranitidine and famotidine they form a foam barrier between the stomach and esophagus thus preventing acid reflux (Brown, 2009). Similarly the H2 antagonists help in reducing the acid secretion in the stomach leaders to mend of ulcers (Brown, 2009). Proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole are effective in decreasing acid secretion from the stomach. PPIs are used in conclave with antibiotics to treat ulcers caused by H. pylori (Brown, 2009).Bowel preparation is the artificial method of remotion of faeces from the colon in order to prepare Justin for any type of surgical physical process such as colonoscopy. The colons may have indigested food and fecal matters attached to them (Beck, 2010). The chances of infection increases if any surgical procedures are carried out nearby the colon area. Based upon Justins bowel movement patterns and stool characteristics he must be advised to go for a colon cleansing solution drink or laxative drink (Beck, 2010). This procedure can be done the day before scopes or some days before depending upon Justins condition. Enemas can also be administered found upon surgeons and specialists prescription. During the bowel preparation, nurses must keep in mind that Justins secrecy must be keep and hospitals policies and procedures are followed. documentation must be written in clear hand write for other t eam members to read about Justins treatment (Blair Smith, 2012).Peptic ulcers are characterized by tarry and bloody stools due to ulcerations in gastrointestinal tract. Excessive blood loss can be fatal for Justin leading to unconsciousness and other complications, thus it is advised for nurses to check the amount of blood and blood type (clots) (Brown, 2009). This can help to determine the severity of the disease and further diagnosis. The nurse should help Justin to return to his bed as arduous loss of blood leads to fluid deficiency and lowering of blood pressure. Justins vital signs must be assessed and fluids must be provided to manage the deficiency (Brown, 2009). While checking Justins abdomen for firmness, tenderness and pain, curtains must be pulled to keep Justins privacy. The findings must be documented and reported to the ward in charge doctor for further processing (Blair Smith, 2012).Post colonoscopy the nurse should manage Justins pain through an assessment of pai n, using a severity scale on a specified area and administering PRN medications (Brown, 2009). In order to recover from injury caused by his condition and address other complications associated with the disease, Justins nutritional status and fluid balance should be maintained (Brown, 2009). Due to heavy blood loss and pain, the patient may regain frustrated and anxiety symptoms may develop. The nurse should calm Justin, establish effective communication and allow him to express his feelings (Brown, 2009).In conclusion, the conditions such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis can be disastrous to Claire as it can affect the fictitious character of her life to a high degree. The case remains the same for peptic ulcer and gastro oesophageal disease and can affect the eating habits of Justin. Thus, it is important to address both patients pain level and other complications in order for them to be comfortable. The disease process can be controlled through nursing interventions along wit h other medical interventions such as surgery and pharmacological management. It is essential for nurses to know pathophysiology of conditions of both cases described above in order to best manage both patients issues.

Hierarchy HR Department Human Resource Management Commerce Essay

hierarchy HR Department Human Resource Management Commerce try outHuman capital is the rargonst resource of the connection which stinkpot non be imitated while both another(prenominal) resource or asset of the b previous(a)ness muckle be copied by the rivals due to the changing environment and emergence of technology.HR Is basically a support function which serve ups the other imperative functions in achieving their wad which keisternot be achieved without the support of HR. Its a approach minimization and value creating source.HR successfully linked the lower management with the top management for the pattern of achieving goals and objectives.There is not a formula or plastered mathematical function in mankind resource management, it varies from person to person and charabancs perceived it unlikely as everyone has his/her own strategies.In this report we shake covered well-nigh each and every aspect of human resource management.HR ferment starts with hiring of the efficacious employees and ends with the operation evaluation of the human resources.Goals of HR Department in genus UmaTo recruit the intimately useful pool of candidatesMotivate the employees so that public presentation of each employee can be streng and soedPrevent and abbreviate the dollar volume rate. This is the closely imperative job of HR be relieve oneself it helps the unwaveringly in achieving its goalsGive rewards and benefits to the deserve candidates. Deserving candidates atomic number 18 identified by analyzing the performance estimation.To give priority to the internal labor conk outment supply over the outside one so that the motivation direct and performance of figure outers could be raiseResolve the conflicts among the employees so that an striking written reporting environment could be begeted. let out HR related policies and code of conduct.HIRINGThere is not a wintry time period for hiring. Company exacts the defecateers harmonize to the bespeak of the time the offset and the most imperative step in the hiring go is recruitment. Recruitment is basically the process of generating effective pool of employees. The most famous and renown peckerwood for recruitment is newspaper and internet in united marine agency. The firm believes that with the help of newspaper and internet you can generate a commodious pool of candidates in a very limited time. Besides this on that point is another advantage of recruiting the candidates through newspaper and i.e. Image of the organization , as we all know that an immense ad in the newspaper can inviolately influence the image of the company.Employee referral is similarly a tool apply by the firm for the purpose of generating impressive pool of candidates. Employee referral is considered as the most trustworthy, reliable and effective tool because the employee are very much sure in referring the candidates as this is the matter of their credibility as well as a result the most preferred and effective candidates are referred by the employees .Employee referral is not always positive. There are some negative aspects of employee referral as well because sometimes motorbuss has to neglect or ignore the mistakes of certain employees unsloped because of there sound reference .Internal Vs. External Labor yieldThe firm believes that internal labor supply must be inclined preference over external labor supply. Consequently when an administrator bewilder is vacant, top management contracts to fill that vacancy by promoting a deserving employee. This helps the firm is chase waysReduce cost of hiringHiring is the process of human resource management which involves a lot of cost and requires a considerable time for the purpose of producing effectual pool of applicants but internal labor supply is that efficient tool which can certainly fasten the cost of hiring process for united marine agency, because via promoting and enriching the job responsibi lity of an productive employee you can reduce huge cost of the organization for sure.Internal employee is aware of the organization cultureAn internal employee is usually aware of the organization culture so he does not take much time in adjusting with the work environmentProductivity increasesWhen an internal deserving employee is promoted to an executive range, motivational take aim increases thus performance of the employee enhances which results in effective organization productivity.Emergency hiringIn case of emergency hiring, the firm does not rely on the rule procedures of recruitment but they try to go for the speediest process and usually the process is decided by analyzing the situation intensely and implementing a process tally to the situation.SELECTIONSelecting the CandidatesProcess of selection varies job to job. Some job requires a test. Test is provided to the candidates who have been shortlisted through recruitment and the mortals who are able to produce the test are requested to appear in the wonder.In absolute majority of the cases, employee referral is apply for the purpose of hiring personnel for executive position in UMA. And there are many reasons behind this. Generally an employee is aware of the kind of the soul required for a particular position because he knows the responsibilities of the vacant position and is pretty much aware of the nature of the job therefore he refer an individual who can efficiently perform the job activities and help the organization in achieving its goals and objectives.As Mr. Zeeshan stated that belatedly a gross gross revenue manager was hired in UMA on the reference of prevalent manager. The requital package of that individual is very impressive and well-off according to MR Zeeshan but the general manager is very much satisfied with the compensation package of sales manager because according to him he has the ability of generating sales supplely.SELECTION PROCESSCandidate is selected by take overing certain locomote which include the test at the initial stage which is design to reduce the vigorous pool of candidates, later an interview is conducted by the HR manager once short listed by the HR manager, the candidates are asked to appear in the final interview conducted by the HOD of the particular surgical incision to get the devote employees.SELECTION CRITERIAUMA follows the following criteria in order to select effective employee for the firmEducationExperienceConfidenceSoft skillsReference developEvery company both SME or large corporations has a vigorous believe that human capital can build a strong position of company if efficiently and effectively utilized. UMA also hit in achieve the corresponding goal. UMA strongly believe that rearing and development plays an important role in increasing revenues of the company either through cost reduction or increase in sales.Trainings in UMA are through on almost every level whether a telephone operation or a bran d manager of a company, all are indulge in cultivation. As per Mr. Zeeshan employees gets move when such sort of activities is done in the organization.Some training is the figure trainings which have to be given to each and every employee after certain time period. such as fire fighting, emergency exits drill and on the job trainings which is given to the new induction by the immediate hirer only in the case if there is any technical work in the job description of the employee, Whereas other trainings are done as per the requirement of the job.TRAINING METHODSON THE JOB TRAININGThe frequently used training method is on the job training in UMA. unremarkably lead by the senior very next to the person who necessitate the training. Moreover other consulting companies are also outsources by the company in order to accumulate new skill in the employees.As per Mr. Zeeshan recently UMA has organized a 15 days training posing for the sales support staff and telephone operator so that the company can build good relation with the customers and can provide the small solutions of their queries.OFF THE JOB TRAININGOff the job training is seldom done by the company and is only provided to the executive class. These trainings include seminars and workshop which is conducted abroad mostly in Singapore and Dubai.Performance estimateUMA does the employees performance appraisal on as annual bases. Performance appraisal is done by using multi methods in order to get blameless information for the employee and its achievements.UMA uses two performance appraisal methods at the same time, MBO and graphic rating scale. In every December before the growth of the employees performance appraisal form is distributed to the HODs of every department with the due date, and and then it become the responsibility of HOD to evaluate the employee.Following are the questions that are include in the appraisal form of the employeeList your achievements or tasks you have done or/and curre ntly doing well.What are the facilitating and constraining factors in performing your work?Achievements of Previous Agree Targetsany training requiredRATING weighing machine1 Unsatisfactory 2 Acceptable 3 Good 4 ExcellentFACTORSEmployeeEvaluator1Quality of Work2To playact targets and deadlinesInitiative4Attitude5Cooperation6Attendance7Communication Skill8Interpersonal Skill9Willingness to insure10Cost conscious11Development of subordinatorREWARDS AND BENEFITSevery course of instruction increments is given on the bases of performance of the employees and is not influenced by personal propensity or dislikingIf employee performance is not up to the mark they are considered for the training and development program in order to make them more effective in achieving the task assigned to them. Training is also given if the employee thinks they drive it for the better understanding and execution of the task.Drawback of MBO and Rating ScaleThe biggest drawback of appraising the performa nce through MBO is employee stick to the particular objectives provided to them which limits their productivity, performance and creativity to a certain levelBenefit of MBOThe most impressive benefit of MBO is providing the employees with clear and limited objectives as a result employees are aware of the fact that what is required from them therefore employees put their best efforts for the purpose of matching those objectives as efficiently as they canPROMOTIONUMA consider different factors in order to learn the promotion of the employees. According to them they dont have any fixed time period to promote an employee. It totally depends on the traits personality and exhausting working of the employee.Recognizing the promotionUMA recognizes the need to promote employee by always observing the performance of the employee. The main focus of the company is on the goals and targets achieved by the employees then on the factors and lastly on the time duration.Even the substitute Man ager is promoted in 8 month of time period because of his achievements and fulfillment of the targets.Factors considered in promotionplanning and organizingprofessionalismteamwork and leadershippunctualityachieved targetsattitude and way of otherAccording to Mr. Zeeshan once an employee is promoted then they are not promoted until they develop their skills for the upper position. If the employee is about to get promoted and at that time he resigns, then as per the practices of the HR department they either promote the contingent employee or give dual responsibilities to other.COMPENSATION AND BENEFITSUMA provide great incentives and benefits to their employees. new(prenominal) than their basic salary following are the incentives provided to the employees are based on their surnames.Fuel AllowanceFuel allowance is given to the employees on the bases of their designation and work. Fuel allowance varies from 45 liters to 300 liters. As per the form _or_ system of government follow ing is the ratio of giving fuelBikes 45 liters auto (till 1000cc) 150 litersCar (till 1300cc) 250 litersCar (till 2400cc) 300 litersMobile allowanceMobile allowance is also provided as per the designation of the employeeMedical InsuranceEvery employee is covered with medical exam insurance policy which only includes hospitalization. In case of any mishap insurance company will pay all the expenses.Vehicle and its repair and supportCompany provides the vehicle with the repair and maintenance to the employee as an incentives, but with the mark that car must remain clean all the time otherwise it would be taken back. Cars are inspected on daily basesBonus 2 bonuses are given to the employee in the period of one division other than the increment in the salary. One full salary is given on eid-ul-fitr and 70% is given on eid-ul-azhaRetirement benefitsThe biggest benefit of retirement policy is that there is no age constraint in retirement an employee can work till the time he is cap able of working in the organization.Gratuity is given to the employee which equal to the one salary for one year of serviceEOB pension is given to the employeeJob rotationAs mentioned before, employee is turn to any other department or job if his/her performance is unsatisfactory. more or less of the time managers also asked to their subordinates that whether they require a job rotation or not. Managers do this in order to enhance the employee motivation, performance and skills.TERMINATIONIn UMA, employees are not terminated on the basis of their performance because end point is not the solution of the problem. If the performance of the employee is not up to the mark, management attempt to transfer that individual to another departmentTermination is only occurred on the basis following casesMisconduct Or MisbehaviorMisbehavior or misconduct of any employee is not tolerated in any case, which leads to straight exhalationViolation of HR policies or rulesEach and every employee is r equested to follow the HR rules and policies and if the employee is not following the rules and regulations, firm decided to terminate that individualSexual harassmentSexual harassment is the case which leads to immediate resultFraudulentFor the purpose of alerting other employees, deceptive or hypocrite individuals are terminated.ISSUES360 degree of method of performance appraisal is ignoredDo not have software for online recruitmentAt times, employee referral caused difficulties for the managersHR department of UMA is almost new. So the parameters of selecting new candidates are completely different as a result the performance of new induction varies from the old one which results in the organizational conflicts.SOLUTIONThe HR department is doing an impressive job but there are still some come ins which need to be rectified as soon as possible. Following are the recommendations we suggested for the HR department of UMA360 degree method of performance appraisal must be used. Thi s is the most effective tool for the performance appraisal which is ignored by UMA because the performance of an individual must be evaluated by other colleagues as wellDo not have software for online recruitment which is a hindrance in the hiring process. Software should be used for making the recruitment process more effective.Sometimes employee referrals cause problems for managers as they have to ignore the mistakes of the particular employee who has a strong reference. This issue can be resolved by providing the managers rectify to discipline the employee who is not performing wellCONCLUSIONBy analyzing the whole HR process, we analyze that the HR department is doing an impressive job for United Marine execution because the whole HR department consist of only five individuals who are managing more than 250 employees. Therefore we can state that HR department is doing a sincerely efficient job.We all know that recruitment via newspaper or internet can generate very large pool of candidates. And we were really amazed by knowing the fact the whole task of recruitment is managed by only 5 individuals in the HR department.To fill the executive position through employee referral is a wise decision which helps the firm to hire effective individual and save the cost and time related to hiring process.The most impressive thing is their policy of not terminating any individual on the basis of his/her performance. By doing this, UMA proves that moral values and corporate hearty responsibility is an integral part of the organization.The process of job rotation is conducted by considering the opinions of the subordinates that whether they require job rotation or not. This helps the firm in enhancing full(prenominal) organizational performance by increasing the motivation level of employees. assorted sort of incentives are provided to the employees in order to satisfy the workers and reduce the turnover rateEmployee has to pass three interviews sometimes. This is also a good move because caliber of the candidate cannot be judged in a single interview only because organization has to make sure that it has selected the right candidate for the right jobTwo methods of performance appraisal are used by the firm which is MBO and rating scale. The purpose of using two methods is just to patronise that the performance is appraised appropriately.

Mother Daughter Relationships - Family Relations in Amy Tans The Joy L

Family Relations in The Joy Luck Club atomic number 53 passage, from the novel The Joy Luck Club, written by Amy Tan, reveals the complex traffic and emotions that argon involved in families. This passage concerns the story of four Chinese women and their daughters. The author leads the reader through the experiences of the mothers as they left chinaware and came to America. The daughters reserve been raised in America, as Ameri thrones. This is what the mothers had wanted although it also causes them great distress. This is illustrated in the passage I bedevil chosen. My daughter wanted to go to China for her second honeymoon, but now she is afraid. What if I blend in so well they think Im one of them? Waverly asked me. What if they simulatet let me come back to the United States? When you go to China, I told her, you dont even need to open your mtabooh. They already know you are an outsider. What are you talking about? she asked. My daughter likes to speak back. She lik es to question what I say. Aii-ya, I said. Even if you put on their clothes, even if you take forward your makeup and hide your fancy jewelry, they know. They know just watching the way of life you walk, the way you carry your face. They know you do non belong. My daughter did not look pleased when I told her this, that she didnt look Chinese. She had a plough American look on her face. Oh, maybe ten years ago, she would have clapped her hands - hurray - as if this were good news. But now she wants to be Chinese, it is so fashionable. And I know it is too late. All those years I tested to teach her She followed my Chinese ways only until she learned how to walk out the door by herself and go to school. So now the only Chinese ... ...mes, for all members, but it is also a support network that can be beneficial for everyone. I think that as the daughters got older they realized more and more how important family is, even though it can be a source of frustration at times. Work s Cited and Consulted Feng, Pin-chia. Amy Tan. Dictionary of literary Biography. Volume 173 American Novelists since World War II. Fifth Series. Gale Reseach, 1996 281 -289. Heung, Marina. Daughter-Text/Mother-Text Matrilineage in Amy Tans Joy Luck Club. Feminist Studies. Fall 1993 597 - 613. Schell, Orville. Your Mother is in Your Bones. The tonic York Times Book Review. 19 March 1989 3,28. Seaman, Donna, Amy Tan. The Booklist Interview Amy Tan. Booklist. I October 19%. 256,257. Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. Vintage Contemporaries. New York A Division of ergodic House, Inc., 1991.

Plagiarism and the Internet :: Cheating Education Essays

Plagiarism and the Internet The Internets popularity has continued to grow since it premiere emerged, shocking the world with its never before seen technological capacities. It allowed for the communication of ideas and provided muckle with a wealth of information only a click away. much widely lend oneselfd now then ever before, the Internet supplies make do ofrs with aristocratic access to various kinds of information. With the unlimited availability of information on the vane today, plagiarism has become a growing problem. The abundance of information getable makes it easier and increases the temptation to steal others ideas. Plagiarism, which is taking credit for soul elses ideas, is sometimes commit intentionally and other times accidentally. Often, secures argon violated. In order to prevent this crime form being committed it is necessary that society is educated about copyright law and understands how to properly cite source material. If people understand what plagiarism is and the consequences they will manifestation if detected, perhaps it is less likely that they will plagiarize. Today, 49% of people use the Internet as a reference source (How 1). It contains a plethora of information, and documents found on the web can be of great use when doing research. However, if ideas, concepts, or words are meditaten from other authors work, they must be properly cited. If they are not properly cited this is plagiarism, which is considered to be unethical act by society it also violates copyright law, and thus is punishable by law. Often people do not do that even if they are only paraphrasing or summarizing someone elses work, idea, or concept and not directly quoting it they are still plagiarizing. Borrowing another persons idea is permissible if credit is given to whom it is due. However, thieving someone elses work or idea and acting as if it were your own is not. Thus, it is pertinent that proper citation is always used . If one fails to use proper citation, one is abominable of plagiarism, and may face legal charges for copyright violations. Plagiarism is not always committed intentionally, but the people who measuredly attempt to deceive others by stealing someone elses ideas should build into account the seriousness of their actions and the consequences they may face if caught. For those people who are guilty of plagiarism, but did so unintentionally and were simply unaware of what they were doing should also take into consideration their actions to try to prevent this act from occurring again in the future.

LASIK Vision Correction Essay -- Lasik Seeing Eye blind Essays

LASIK Vision Correction Are you ready to give up your glasses or contacts? LASIK romance correction is an up-and-coming appendage designed to reduce your dependence on glasses and contacts. My objective is to show twain sides of the routine, the risks involved and the wonderful possibility of non having to wear glasses or corrective lenses. Of patients with moderate vision impairments who have had the LASIK surgery performed, eighty-two sh atomic number 18 achieve 20/20 vision or better and ninety-nine part achieve 20/40 or better (May 60). However, LASIK vision correction is not for everyone. There ar definite risks as tumesce as possible side make involved. Some of the side effects are hazing, night glare and halos, loss of vision, dry tenderness, infections and corneal abrasions. LASIK stands for Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis and is a procedure that permanently changes the shape of the cornea, the clear covering on the front of the eye, using an Excimer laser ( LASIK). A knife, called a microkeratome, is used to knock a flap in the cornea. A hinge is left at one end of the flap. The flap is then folded back revealing the stroma, the middlesection of the cornea. Pulses from a computer-controlled laser vaporize a portion of the stroma and the flap is then replaced (LASIK). sign clinical trials of LASIK in the United States began in 1996 with Marc Michelson, M.D. being one of the starting signal LASIK surgeons involved. These clinical investigations culminated in the approval by the FDA of the LASIK procedure in 1999 (May 20). LASIK is the around popular refractive or vision correction procedure worldwide right now, Marc Michelson tells WebMD (Braslavsky). Michelson says that because the LASIK procedure has become very popular lately, patients need to be careful when choosing a surgeon. He emphasizes the need for patients to seek out someone with experience and a long history of good outcomes (Braslavsky). There are some(prenominal) fact ors interpreted into account before becoming a candidate for LASIK surgery. Candidates for LASIK surgery should be at least 18 years old and not be pregnant or nursing. Candidates should also have no active eye disease, a stable prescription for one year and have no restrictions mandated by their employer. Having realistic goals is also an important factor. Some common goals are1.To be less dependent on gl... ...ford LASIK vision correction. This just is not the case. This surgery is quite expensive and results are not guaranteed. Surgical complications are estimated to occur in between 1.2 and 2.2 percent of patients. The CRS-USA LASIK Study noted that, overall, 5.8 percent of LASIK patients experienced side effects at the three-month follow up percentage point (Risks). My attempt here was to show that there are risks involved with this procedure and to encourage research to be done before a finding is made. Corneal abrasions, infections, hazing, dry eye, loss of vision, and nig ht glare and halos are among the many possible side effects. Are you willing to take the risk? whole works CITEDBraslavsky, Andrea M, MS. Keeping an eyeball on Side Effects of Laser Eye Surgery. 2001 Healtheon/WebMD. 13 Oct. 2001. .Lasik Eye Surgery Learning About LASIK. U.S Food and dose Administration. 13 Oct. 2001. .May, Carl J., M.D. LASIK Vision Correction. Utah MedWorld Publishing, 2000.Risks and Complications. The LASIK Institute. Oct. 2001. 21 Oct. 2001 The May Eye flush Center and Associates. Bringing Your World Into Focus Laser Vision Correction.